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(Invertebrate)-蜘蛛 (Arachnids)-黑寡婦蜘 (black widow spider)"},{"term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-軟體動物 (Mollusca)-淡水螺 (freshwater snail)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-兩棲類 (Amphibian)-蟾蜍 (toads)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-爬蟲類 (Reptils)-海蛇 (sea snake)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-魚 (Fishes)-慈鯛 (Cichilids)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-魚 (Fishes)-鯊魚 (sharks)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-鳥 (Aves)- 刺嘴鶯 (Hornbill)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-鳥 (Aves)- 燕雀類 (passrines)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-鳥 (Aves)-椋鳥 (starlings)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-鳥 (Aves)-沼澤雀 (marshbirds)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-鳥 (Aves)-澳蜜鳥 (Honeyeater)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-鳥 (Aves)-知更鳥 (Robins)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-鳥 (Aves)-紅寡婦鳥 (Red bishop)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-鳥 (Aves)-織布鳥 (cuckoo finches)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-鳥 (Aves)-鍾雀 (currawong)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-鳥 (Aves)-鷦鶯 (Prinia)"},{"term":"裸鰓類"},{"term":"評論 (comment)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"擬態生物學"},"subtitle":{"type":"html","$t":"警戒色與擬態的介紹團隊，學術文章導讀，歷史背景，物種，與生物多樣性"},"link":[{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/posts\/default"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/-\/%E7%A9%86%E6%B0%8F%E6%93%AC%E6%85%8B+%28M%C3%BCllerian+mimicry%29?alt=json-in-script\u0026max-results=8"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/search\/label\/%E7%A9%86%E6%B0%8F%E6%93%AC%E6%85%8B%20%28M%C3%BCllerian%20mimicry%29"},{"rel":"hub","href":"http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/"},{"rel":"next","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/-\/%E7%A9%86%E6%B0%8F%E6%93%AC%E6%85%8B+%28M%C3%BCllerian+mimicry%29\/-\/%E7%A9%86%E6%B0%8F%E6%93%AC%E6%85%8B+%28M%C3%BCllerian+mimicry%29?alt=json-in-script\u0026start-index=9\u0026max-results=8"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"generator":{"version":"7.00","uri":"http://www.blogger.com","$t":"Blogger"},"openSearch$totalResults":{"$t":"37"},"openSearch$startIndex":{"$t":"1"},"openSearch$itemsPerPage":{"$t":"8"},"entry":[{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-1372861985213588134"},"published":{"$t":"2018-05-06T09:30:00.001+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-05-06T09:33:56.806+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-昆蟲 (Insects)-膜翅目 (Hymenoptera)-絨蟻蜂 (velvet ant)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"穆氏擬態 (Müllerian mimicry)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"非洲蟻蜂的擬態多樣性顯示非洲熱帶的「格格不入」？"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"csmh4\" data-offset-key=\"e60d0-0-0\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"background-color: white; clear: both; color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgmV3-Q4bCW6aEONgbQbn4yTNni8s7PxTBGhuI3vDhK6-fcf3ZV1yTABRUJp8V6MZ35Del9BB3LQZE7vcTUgbqphYoVX4NpMp_lFCX76hZ8PJrpkA9WbgFDEBoMs6zmeYiBBbuOfLamp5Q\/s1600\/journal.pone.0189482.g002.PNG\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1600\" data-original-width=\"1040\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgmV3-Q4bCW6aEONgbQbn4yTNni8s7PxTBGhuI3vDhK6-fcf3ZV1yTABRUJp8V6MZ35Del9BB3LQZE7vcTUgbqphYoVX4NpMp_lFCX76hZ8PJrpkA9WbgFDEBoMs6zmeYiBBbuOfLamp5Q\/s640\/journal.pone.0189482.g002.PNG\" width=\"416\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E相對於中高緯度地區，熱帶普遍是物種多樣性比較高的區域。然而，在熱帶非洲並非每個類群都如此，而這讓非洲相較其它熱帶區域顯得「格格不入」(odd man out)。\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E 這與擬態有什麼關係？\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E 蟻蜂是物種或是斑紋都呈現很高的多樣性，也是世界上大規模參與穆氏擬態的類群之一，在全世界約有4900個已被命名的型態，而其中約三分之一(1600種與亞種)分佈於非洲，面對這麼高的物種多樣性，非洲的蟻蜂在卻鮮少出現在擬態研究的歷史上。\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E 由於非洲的蟻蜂擬態的多樣性沒有被討論過，因此這個研究首先調查了非洲蟻蜂的斑紋多樣性，比較每個物種的斑紋相似性，發現這些蟻蜂可分為四個穆氏擬態群，也就是說雖然非洲蟻蜂的物種多樣性很高，但比起北美的斑紋可分為8個擬態群來說，其擬態的分化並未隨著多樣性而爆炸性提高。\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E 研究者認為這個現象可能來自於非洲的生物分區比起北美來說少很多(108 vs 168)，並且捕食者的多樣性也就低(特別是蜥蜴，非洲:北美 = ~940:980)，因此這可能影響蟻蜂擬態多樣性的分化。\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E 簡單的說，可能就是蟻蜂一來沒那麼多棲位可以分化，而且也沒有這麼多樣化的捕食者需要面對，因此斑紋的分化就被限制，而在非洲的擬態樣式比起北美少了一半，這就符合非洲熱帶那「格格不入」的現象了。\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E Wilson JS, Pan AD, Limb ES \u0026amp; Williams KA. 2018. Comparison of African and North American velvet ant mimicry complexes: Another example of Africa as the ‘odd man out’. PLOS ONE 13: e0189482.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/1372861985213588134\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2018\/05\/blog-post_6.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/1372861985213588134"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/1372861985213588134"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2018\/05\/blog-post_6.html","title":"非洲蟻蜂的擬態多樣性顯示非洲熱帶的「格格不入」？"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgmV3-Q4bCW6aEONgbQbn4yTNni8s7PxTBGhuI3vDhK6-fcf3ZV1yTABRUJp8V6MZ35Del9BB3LQZE7vcTUgbqphYoVX4NpMp_lFCX76hZ8PJrpkA9WbgFDEBoMs6zmeYiBBbuOfLamp5Q\/s72-c\/journal.pone.0189482.g002.PNG","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-8098898572603888308"},"published":{"$t":"2018-05-04T11:12:00.000+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-05-04T11:12:52.534+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-昆蟲 (Insects)-膜翅目 (Hymenoptera)-絨蟻蜂 (velvet ant)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"穆氏擬態 (Müllerian mimicry)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-爬蟲類 (Reptils)-蜥蜴 (lizard)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"日行性的鬣蜥可能是促使蟻蜂穆氏擬態的演化推手嗎？"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiwHpRK5ueNrI8gsLSWiyt1EnK3EBVNGfbqlk7hyvVM8jdNEY4AKGFkRWwkhh-ZXqRuM3Me7oDXGdoHofdi33sQi3VPIGVgPrYc_OlrNhl9wpE22jNl0QfnZ_RA06WrbK0p4axrUDoU0Oo\/s1600\/440px-Green_anole.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"210\" data-original-width=\"440\" height=\"152\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiwHpRK5ueNrI8gsLSWiyt1EnK3EBVNGfbqlk7hyvVM8jdNEY4AKGFkRWwkhh-ZXqRuM3Me7oDXGdoHofdi33sQi3VPIGVgPrYc_OlrNhl9wpE22jNl0QfnZ_RA06WrbK0p4axrUDoU0Oo\/s320\/440px-Green_anole.jpg\" width=\"320\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjpjqkpV3e78dWm4e7qW7pj9nbb03N9D7Kz9lWpj-QMi2n9iLQ9XFv92nLkLsi3GMXckXGwQl-oO9R60g7OWhTbFB6L1Wc9f_PjYNd1BsKNc5tFcBZAce3YEhDeP9XpOEgXPsZGC4xmhd4\/s1600\/bij12894-fig-0001-m.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1600\" data-original-width=\"1503\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjpjqkpV3e78dWm4e7qW7pj9nbb03N9D7Kz9lWpj-QMi2n9iLQ9XFv92nLkLsi3GMXckXGwQl-oO9R60g7OWhTbFB6L1Wc9f_PjYNd1BsKNc5tFcBZAce3YEhDeP9XpOEgXPsZGC4xmhd4\/s320\/bij12894-fig-0001-m.jpg\" width=\"300\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7fsc8\" data-offset-key=\"an0dv-0-0\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"an0dv-0-0\" style=\"direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan data-offset-key=\"an0dv-0-0\" style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003E擬態主要的演化機制來自天擇，也就是由捕食者來決定擬態是否能留在環境中，但是由哪類捕食者來推動演化呢？\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7fsc8\" data-offset-key=\"d292-0-0\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"d292-0-0\" style=\"direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan data-offset-key=\"d292-0-0\" style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003E\u003Cbr data-text=\"true\" \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7fsc8\" data-offset-key=\"3u2d8-0-0\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"3u2d8-0-0\" style=\"direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan data-offset-key=\"3u2d8-0-0\" style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003E鳥類？哺乳類？爬蟲類？會飛的或是爬樹的？這是個很大未解的問題。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7fsc8\" data-offset-key=\"33ml-0-0\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"33ml-0-0\" style=\"direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan data-offset-key=\"33ml-0-0\" style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003E\u003Cbr data-text=\"true\" \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7fsc8\" data-offset-key=\"73jtu-0-0\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"73jtu-0-0\" style=\"direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan data-offset-key=\"73jtu-0-0\" style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003E這個以分佈在北美的絨蟻蜂的穆氏擬態群為主的研究給了一個可能性。研究者用以下四個基本原則篩選可能的候選者\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7fsc8\" data-offset-key=\"cjlqh-0-0\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"cjlqh-0-0\" style=\"direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan data-offset-key=\"cjlqh-0-0\" style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003E\u003Cbr data-text=\"true\" \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7fsc8\" data-offset-key=\"8p4t-0-0\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"8p4t-0-0\" style=\"direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan data-offset-key=\"8p4t-0-0\" style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003E 1. 捕食者與獵物間分佈相似性\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7fsc8\" data-offset-key=\"1gdtm-0-0\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"1gdtm-0-0\" style=\"direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan data-offset-key=\"1gdtm-0-0\" style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003E 2. 相似的絨蟻蜂擬態者出現區域的捕食者群集相似性\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7fsc8\" data-offset-key=\"joad-0-0\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"joad-0-0\" style=\"direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan data-offset-key=\"joad-0-0\" style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003E 3. 潛在捕食者的食性偏好\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7fsc8\" data-offset-key=\"27duf-0-0\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"27duf-0-0\" style=\"direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan data-offset-key=\"27duf-0-0\" style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003E 4. 比較時間與空間上捕食者與獵物間的演化一致性\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7fsc8\" data-offset-key=\"42pe9-0-0\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"42pe9-0-0\" style=\"direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan data-offset-key=\"42pe9-0-0\" style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003E \u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7fsc8\" data-offset-key=\"bm286-0-0\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"bm286-0-0\" style=\"direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan data-offset-key=\"bm286-0-0\" style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003E研究者認為物種多樣性最高的安樂蜥科(Dactyloides, the anoles)與角蜥科(Phrynosomatidae, horned-lizards, spiny-lizards, and allies)與絨蟻蜂活動範圍最相似，有可能是其主要捕食者，因此以這兩個科的物種為標的，評估以上四個因子，探討這兩類獵蜥是演化推力的可能性。結果發現獵蜥有可能是絨蟻蜂擬態群最可能的推動者，在評估各種因素後(食性、視覺能力等)，其中多樣性最高的安樂蜥科最有可能是最大的演化推力，而在中美兩個絨蟻蜂擬態群(Black-headed Timulla 與 Tropical)就可能是由安樂蜥科所形塑。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7fsc8\" data-offset-key=\"3kdg2-0-0\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"3kdg2-0-0\" style=\"direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan data-offset-key=\"3kdg2-0-0\" style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003E\u003Cbr data-text=\"true\" \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7fsc8\" data-offset-key=\"d3d70-0-0\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"d3d70-0-0\" style=\"direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan data-offset-key=\"d3d70-0-0\" style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003E來源\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"\" data-block=\"true\" data-editor=\"7fsc8\" data-offset-key=\"56r04-0-0\" style=\"background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"_1mf _1mj\" data-offset-key=\"56r04-0-0\" style=\"direction: ltr; font-family: inherit; position: relative;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan data-offset-key=\"56r04-0-0\" style=\"font-family: inherit;\"\u003EPan AD, Williams KA \u0026amp; Wilson JS. 2017. Are diurnal iguanian lizards the evolutionary drivers of New World female velvet ant (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae) Müllerian mimicry rings? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 436–447. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biolinnean\/article\/120\/2\/436\/2954954\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/8098898572603888308\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2018\/05\/blog-post.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/8098898572603888308"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/8098898572603888308"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2018\/05\/blog-post.html","title":"日行性的鬣蜥可能是促使蟻蜂穆氏擬態的演化推手嗎？"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEiwHpRK5ueNrI8gsLSWiyt1EnK3EBVNGfbqlk7hyvVM8jdNEY4AKGFkRWwkhh-ZXqRuM3Me7oDXGdoHofdi33sQi3VPIGVgPrYc_OlrNhl9wpE22jNl0QfnZ_RA06WrbK0p4axrUDoU0Oo\/s72-c\/440px-Green_anole.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-8868159896618100257"},"published":{"$t":"2017-10-29T11:18:00.006+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2017-10-29T11:23:26.438+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"書 (Book)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"穆氏擬態 (Müllerian mimicry)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"貝氏擬態 (Batesian mimicry)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"[Book] Mimicry, Crypsis, Masquerade and other Adaptive Resemblances"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/media.wiley.com\/product_data\/coverImage300\/3X\/11189315\/111893153X.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"391\" data-original-width=\"300\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/media.wiley.com\/product_data\/coverImage300\/3X\/11189315\/111893153X.jpg\" width=\"306\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cul style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E書名\u003C\/b\u003E\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/as.wiley.com\/WileyCDA\/WileyTitle\/productCd-111893153X.html\"\u003EMimicry, Crypsis, Masquerade and Other Adaptive Resemblances\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E作者\u003C\/b\u003E\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Donald L. J. Quicke\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E出版者\u003C\/b\u003E\u0026nbsp;Wiley Blackwell\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EISBN\u003C\/b\u003E\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 111893153X, 9781118931530\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E頁數\u003C\/b\u003E\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;576 頁\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E擬態\/警戒色的生物學進展相當快速，眾多的文章讓很多人難以一窺理論發展的全貌。這本書\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E縱觀自亨利貝茨十八世紀起的觀察，到近代的理論發展，將擬態生物學的基礎理論與實務發展做了相當清楚的整理，內容包含名詞的爭議與解釋、理論介紹、實務實驗介紹，與許多相關的實例等，這本書可說是未來擬態生物學相關領域的重要文獻。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E作者原為Imperial College London生物科學系的教授，2013年退休後至曼谷的Chulalongkorn University作為訪問教授。主要研究領域有寄生蜂的系統分類、生態與演化，系統發生學方法，擬態與警戒色等諸多領域。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E內容目錄\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EPreface\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E1 INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MIMICRY SYSTEMS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E2 CAMOUFLAGE: CRYPSIS AND DISRUPTIVE COLOURATION IN ANIMALS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E3 CAMOUFLAGE: MASQUERADE\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E4 APOSEMATISM AND ITS EVOLUTION\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E5 ANTI-PREDATOR MIMICRY. I. MATHEMATICAL MODELS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E6 ANTI-PREDATOR MIMICRY. II. EXPERIMENTAL TESTS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E7 ANTI-PREDATOR MIMICRY. III. BATESIAN AND MULLERIAN EXAMPLES\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E8 ANTI-PREDATOR MIMICRY. ATTACK DEFLECTION, SCHOOLING, ETC.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E9 ANTI-HERBIVORY DECEPTIONS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E10 AGGRESSIVE DECEPTIONS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E11 SEXUAL MIMICRIES IN ANIMALS (INCLUDING HUMANS)\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E12 REPRODUCTIVE MIMICRIES IN PLANTS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E13 INTRA- AND INTERSPECIFIC COOPERATION, COMPETITION AND HIERARCHIES\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E14 ADAPTIVE RESEMBLANCES AND DISPERSAL: SEEDS, SPORES AND EGGS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E15 MOLECULAR MIMICRY: PARASITES, PATHOGENS AND PLANTS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EExtended glossary\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EReferences\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EAuthor index\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EGeneral index\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003ETaxonomic index\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E相關書籍\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cul style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb style=\"font-weight: bold;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003ERuxton GD\u003C\/b\u003E, \u003Cb\u003ESherratt TN\u003C\/b\u003E \u0026amp;\u0026nbsp;\u003Cb\u003ESpeed MP\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-weight: bold;\"\u003E. \u003Cspan style=\"font-weight: normal;\"\u003E2004\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Ci\u003EAvoiding Attack: The Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Warning Signals and Mimicry. \u003C\/i\u003EOxford University Press. 260 pp.\u003Cb\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/8868159896618100257\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2017\/10\/book-mimicry-crypsis-masquerade-and.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/8868159896618100257"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/8868159896618100257"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2017\/10\/book-mimicry-crypsis-masquerade-and.html","title":"[Book] Mimicry, Crypsis, Masquerade and other Adaptive Resemblances"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-5511583471996035627"},"published":{"$t":"2016-04-30T11:25:00.002+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2016-04-30T11:26:01.331+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"分子生物學 (Molecular biology)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"基因體 (Genomics)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"多態型 (polymorphism)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"文章 (Article)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-昆蟲 (Insects)-鱗翅目 (Lepidoptera)-蝴蝶 (Butterflies)-毒蝶 (Heliconius)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"穆氏擬態 (Müllerian mimicry)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"蝴蝶的基因體顯示種間混亂的基因交換與擬態適應"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v487\/n7405\/images\/nature11041-f1.2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v487\/n7405\/images\/nature11041-f1.2.jpg\" height=\"314\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v487\/n7405\/fig_tab\/nature11041_F1.html\"\u003EFig. 1\u003C\/a\u003E 本研究定序的目標物種的分佈與其相關類群的親緣關係\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E標題：\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v487\/n7405\/full\/nature11041.html\"\u003EButterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E摘要\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe evolutionary importance of hybridization and introgression has long been debated. Hybrids are usually rare and unfit, but even infrequent hybridization can aid adaptation by transferring beneficial traits between species. Here we use genomic tools to investigate introgression in \u003Ci\u003EHeliconius\u003C\/i\u003E, a rapidly radiating genus of neotropical butterflies widely used in studies of ecology, behaviour, mimicry and speciation. We sequenced the genome of \u003Ci\u003EHeliconius \u003C\/i\u003Emelpomene and compared it with other taxa to investigate chromosomal evolution in Lepidoptera and gene flow among multiple \u003Ci\u003EHeliconius \u003C\/i\u003Especies and races. Among 12,669 predicted genes, biologically important expansions of families of chemosensory and \u003Ci\u003EHox \u003C\/i\u003Egenes are particularly noteworthy. Chromosomal organization has remained broadly conserved since the Cretaceous period, when butterflies split from the \u003Ci\u003EBombyx \u003C\/i\u003E(silkmoth) lineage. Using genomic resequencing, we show hybrid exchange of genes between three co-mimics, \u003Ci\u003EHeliconius melpomene\u003C\/i\u003E, \u003Ci\u003EHeliconius timareta\u003C\/i\u003E and \u003Ci\u003EHeliconius elevatus\u003C\/i\u003E, especially at two genomic regions that control mimicry pattern. We infer that closely related \u003Ci\u003EHeliconius \u003C\/i\u003Especies exchange protective colour-pattern genes promiscuously, implying that hybridization has an important role in adaptive radiation.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v487\/n7405\/images\/nature11041-f2.2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v487\/n7405\/images\/nature11041-f2.2.jpg\" height=\"288\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v487\/n7405\/fig_tab\/nature11041_F2.html\"\u003EFig. 2\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;a. 毒蝶染色體與家蠶染色體同源基因的比較圖，染色體間的連線代表同源基因的來源\u003Cbr \/\u003Eb. 毒蝶化學感受蛋白與大樺斑蝶、家蠶間的關係，顯示出蝴蝶獨有與毒蝶獨有的擴張\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v487\/n7405\/images\/nature11041-f4.2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v487\/n7405\/images\/nature11041-f4.2.jpg\" height=\"640\" width=\"540\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v487\/n7405\/fig_tab\/nature11041_F4.html\"\u003EFig. 4\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;這個分析顯示控制擬態斑紋的基因座B\/D的在族群間的基因交換證據\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E這篇是「\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.tw\/2016\/04\/blog-post_29.html\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E毒蝶是否真的交換了控制擬態斑紋的基因？\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E」的主要基礎，作者群是很威猛的毒蝶基因體協會 (The \u003Ci\u003EHeliconius \u003C\/i\u003EGenome Consortium)，透過定序數個\u003Ci\u003EHeliconius melpomene\u003C\/i\u003E族群的全基因體，比較毒蝶的基因體變化與鱗翅目基因體的演化。作者群從基因體中挑出12669基因出來作各種分析，首先比較毒蝶與家蠶 (\u003Ci\u003EBombyx mori\u003C\/i\u003E)在染色體學上的差異，大部分的基因都能在家蠶上發現，但染色體位置有所差異。其次將化學感受蛋白(Chemosensory protein, CSP)的序列，加上家蠶與大樺斑蝶 (\u003Ci\u003EDanaus plexippus\u003C\/i\u003E)，以系統發生學的方式分析，發現蝴蝶特有與毒蝶特有的基因擴張。毒蝶內部基因體分析則發現族群間或是共擬態者間的基因交換頻繁，特別是兩個控制擬態斑紋的基因，顯示這樣的交換可能對於毒蝶的迅速種化與斑紋的多樣化有關。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/5511583471996035627\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/04\/blog-post_30.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/5511583471996035627"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/5511583471996035627"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/04\/blog-post_30.html","title":"蝴蝶的基因體顯示種間混亂的基因交換與擬態適應"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-2946822408613237364"},"published":{"$t":"2016-04-29T11:35:00.002+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2016-04-29T11:35:30.005+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"基因體 (Genomics)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"文章 (Article)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-昆蟲 (Insects)-鱗翅目 (Lepidoptera)-蝴蝶 (Butterflies)-毒蝶 (Heliconius)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"穆氏擬態 (Müllerian mimicry)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"毒蝶是否真的交換了控制擬態斑紋的基因？"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/dlkr7699fk9jt.cloudfront.net\/content\/roybiolett\/9\/4\/20130503\/F1.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/dlkr7699fk9jt.cloudfront.net\/content\/roybiolett\/9\/4\/20130503\/F1.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\" height=\"598\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/dlkr7699fk9jt.cloudfront.net\/content\/roybiolett\/9\/4\/20130503\/F1.medium.gif\"\u003EFig. 1\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;基因入侵與祖先多態的兩個對立假設\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E標題：\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/9\/4\/20130503\"\u003EDo \u003Ci\u003EHeliconius \u003C\/i\u003Ebutterfly species exchange mimicry alleles?\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E摘要\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHybridization has the potential to transfer beneficial alleles across species boundaries, and there are a growing number of examples in which this has apparently occurred. Recent studies suggest that \u003Ci\u003EHeliconius \u003C\/i\u003Ebutterflies have transferred wing pattern mimicry alleles between species via hybridiz- ation, but ancestral polymorphism could also produce a signature of shared ancestry around mimicry genes. To distinguish between these alternative hypotheses, we measured DNA sequence divergence around putatively introgressed mimicry loci and compared this with the rest of the genome. Our results reveal that putatively introgressed regions show strongly reduced sequence divergence between co-mimetic species, suggesting that their divergence times are younger than the rest of the genome. This is con- sistent with introgression and not ancestral variation. We further show that this signature of introgression occurs at sites throughout the genome, not just around mimicry genes.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E南美洲的毒蝶 (\u003Ci\u003EHeliconius\u003C\/i\u003E)在2012年的Nature刊出\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/nature11041\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E透過12669個基因討論毒蝶基因體演化的文章\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E，發現三個共擬態的物種H. melpomene, H. timereta與H. elevatus間控制擬態的基因會互相交換，在那篇文章中的毒蝶團隊因此推測新的物種可能藉由種間雜交，得到擬態斑紋的基因，而加入擬態群。雖說偵測到這個現象，但斑紋的多樣性來源還是個謎團，是透過雜交後產生的迅速演化？或是這些基因演化早期就已經交換，只是隨著物種分化，造就擬態斑紋的多樣性？\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E為了測試這兩個對立假說，作者群基於2012年的資料做了進一步分析。作者群假設如果是透過雜交後的基因轉移的話，代表入侵的基因分化應該比起其他基因來的小；反之，如果基因是演化早期就交換的話，那麼相近斑紋間的分化應該高於相異斑紋的分化（最上面圖一）。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/dlkr7699fk9jt.cloudfront.net\/content\/roybiolett\/9\/4\/20130503\/F2.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/dlkr7699fk9jt.cloudfront.net\/content\/roybiolett\/9\/4\/20130503\/F2.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\" height=\"640\" width=\"252\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"\u003EFig. 2\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;基因分化程度的比較\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E作者群比較兩個共域的擬態群 \u003Ci\u003EH. melpomene amaryllis\u003C\/i\u003E\/\u003Ci\u003EH. timereta\u003C\/i\u003E ssp. nov (ama-tim)，\u003Ci\u003EH. m. aglaope\u003C\/i\u003E\/\u003Ci\u003EH. t. florencia\u003C\/i\u003E (agl-tim)，以及將\u003Ci\u003EH. m. amaryllis\u003C\/i\u003E\/\u003Ci\u003EH. m. aglaope\u003C\/i\u003E (agl-ama) 做為異域族群，比較其分化的程度。比較的基因是\u003Ci\u003EB\u003C\/i\u003E\/\u003Ci\u003ED\u003C\/i\u003E與\u003Ci\u003EN\u003C\/i\u003E\/\u003Ci\u003EYb\u003C\/i\u003E兩個控制擬態斑紋的基因座，以及其他基因體的基因座。統計的結果發現控制擬態斑紋基因的分化比較接近基因入侵的模型，如果把擬態基因排除後分析的話，也同樣發現顯著較低的基因分化，顯示除了控制擬態的基因外，也有其他的基因有種間或族群間滲漏的現象。這個結果也就再次支持2012年的假設，也同時發現更多基因在物種間交換。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E如果同屬間的擬態有機會因為親緣關係較近，讓基因交換維持擬態的斑紋，或是以此為斑紋多樣化的基礎，那麼如何解釋跨屬，甚至跨科的擬態群也擁有的斑紋多樣性？是祖徵？還是跨科的基因交流？或者最後只能從天擇解釋？\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/2946822408613237364\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/04\/blog-post_29.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/2946822408613237364"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/2946822408613237364"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/04\/blog-post_29.html","title":"毒蝶是否真的交換了控制擬態斑紋的基因？"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-5021472207782664473"},"published":{"$t":"2016-04-28T10:09:00.002+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2016-04-28T10:09:36.731+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"多態型 (polymorphism)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"文章 (Article)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-昆蟲 (Insects)-鱗翅目 (Lepidoptera)-蝴蝶 (Butterflies)-毒蝶 (Heliconius)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"生態 (Ecology)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"穆氏擬態 (Müllerian mimicry)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"穿越生死的山谷：適存度起伏與穆氏擬態多態型的關聯"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/dvg4ol0hclm7o.cloudfront.net\/content\/royprsb\/283\/1829\/20160391\/F1.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/dvg4ol0hclm7o.cloudfront.net\/content\/royprsb\/283\/1829\/20160391\/F1.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\" height=\"292\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/283\/1829\/20160391.figures-only\"\u003EFig. 1 \u003C\/a\u003E實驗區域與實驗中所使用的表型\u003Cbr \/\u003EHom. 同型合子\u003Cbr \/\u003EHet. 異型合子\u003Cbr \/\u003Eexotic 非本地型\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E標題：\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/283\/1829\/20160391\"\u003ECrossing fitness valleys: empirical estimation of a fitness landscape associated with polymorphic mimicry\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E摘要\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003ECharacterizing fitness landscapes associated with polymorphic adaptive traits enables investigation of mechanisms allowing transitions between fitness peaks. Here, we explore how natural selection can promote genetic mechanisms preventing heterozygous phenotypes from falling into non-adaptive valleys. Polymorphic mimicry is an ideal system to investigate such fitness landscapes, because the direction of selection acting on complex mimetic colour patterns can be predicted by the local mimetic community composition. Using more than 5000 artificial butterflies displaying colour patterns exhibited by the polymorphic Mullerian mimic \u003Ci\u003EHeliconius numata\u003C\/i\u003E,we directly tested the\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003Erole of wild predators in shaping fitness landscapes.We compared predation rates on mimetic phenotypes (homozygotes at the supergene controlling colour pattern), intermediate phenotypes (heterozygotes), exotic morphs (absent from the local community) and palatable cryptic phenotypes. Exotic morphswere significantly more attacked than local morphs, highlighting predators’ discriminatory capacities. Overall, intermediates were attacked twice asmuch as local homozygotes, suggesting the existence of deep fitness valleys promoting strict dominance and reduced recombination between supergene alleles. By including information on predators’ colour perception, we also showed that protection on intermediates strongly depends on their phenotypic similarity to homozygous phenotypes and that ridges exist between similar phenotypes, which may facilitate divergence in colour patterns.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E在先前的導讀中提到，控制穆氏擬態的毒蝶 (\u003Ci\u003EHeliconius\u003C\/i\u003E) 斑紋基因的顯性性狀比較佔有優勢，中間型或隱性性狀能控制斑紋的機會相對減弱，而顯隱性與中間型又分別代表同型合子 (homozygous) 與異型合子 (heterozygous)，雖說遺傳結構支持顯性性狀比較容易表現，可這畢竟是實驗室內觀測到天擇的結果，在已經知道超基因的控制與顯隱性的優勢後，再次回到野外的話，這些斑紋的適存度 (fitness)又會有什麼樣的故事？\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E這篇研究就在討論我們已經知道穆氏擬態的毒蝶具有多態型，而且不同區域的多態型的遺傳結構各有不同，顯隱性表現也有各自的差異，但這是因為遺傳結構的限制，或是自然環境中天擇的影響，控制某些基因型的選汰還不清楚，在已經知道這麼多的基因體結構與其跟天擇連結的推測後，作者群再次把故事拉回野外實驗室中，測試天擇比較偏好同型或異型合子。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E作者群依據\u003Ci\u003EHeliconius numata\u003C\/i\u003E不同區域的型態，分別放置同型、中間型與非本地型的人工蝴蝶到野外環境中，總共放了超過5000隻的樣本到野外中，經過三天後回收樣本，檢查是否有U型或V型的攻擊痕跡，必且根據對應的形狀判斷是來自哪種捕食者的攻擊。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/dvg4ol0hclm7o.cloudfront.net\/content\/royprsb\/283\/1829\/20160391\/F2.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/dvg4ol0hclm7o.cloudfront.net\/content\/royprsb\/283\/1829\/20160391\/F2.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\" height=\"640\" width=\"612\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003EFig. 2 不同表型的被攻擊次數，顯示中間型與非當地型被攻擊次數顯著較高\u003Cbr \/\u003EBB aa 同型合子\u003Cbr \/\u003EBa 異型合子\u003Cbr \/\u003Eexotic 非本地型\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/dvg4ol0hclm7o.cloudfront.net\/content\/royprsb\/283\/1829\/20160391\/F3.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/dvg4ol0hclm7o.cloudfront.net\/content\/royprsb\/283\/1829\/20160391\/F3.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\" height=\"540\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EFig. 3 不同表型在各種視覺模式下的關聯性\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E綜合各區域的結果顯示，同型合子個體受到的攻擊率顯著較低，異型合子（中間型）個體與非本地型的攻擊率顯著較高至同型合子的兩倍，支持這些斑紋的在不同場域的適存度有深度的分化。最後，若結合捕食者的視覺模型來看的話，發現中間型的適存度與當地的擬態型相似度有密切的關係，結合之前的研究來看，這個現象也會貢獻在斑紋的分化上。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u0026lt;\u0026lt;相關閱讀\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cul style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/%E6%93%AC%E6%85%8B%E8%9D%B4%E8%9D%B6%E7%9A%84%E8%B6%85%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0(supergene)%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%AF%E6%80%A7%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E6%A9%9F%E5%88%B6%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96\/\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E擬態蝴蝶的超基因(supergene)的顯性遺傳機制的演化\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.tw\/2016\/04\/blog-post_2.html\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E穆氏擬態的優勢斑紋演化的分子生物學機制\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.tw\/2016\/03\/blog-post_28.html\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E天擇在自然環境中如何正向篩選警戒訊號？\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/5021472207782664473\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/04\/blog-post_28.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/5021472207782664473"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/5021472207782664473"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/04\/blog-post_28.html","title":"穿越生死的山谷：適存度起伏與穆氏擬態多態型的關聯"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-6335754239811546708"},"published":{"$t":"2016-04-22T11:29:00.000+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2016-04-22T11:32:42.434+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"基因體 (Genomics)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"多態型 (polymorphism)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"文章 (Article)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-昆蟲 (Insects)-鱗翅目 (Lepidoptera)-蝴蝶 (Butterflies)-毒蝶 (Heliconius)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"穆氏擬態 (Müllerian mimicry)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"遺傳學 (genetics)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"擬態蝴蝶的超基因(supergene)的顯性遺傳機制的演化"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgqGdku6blTJtZTPHIyEfZRcFp0ePr_i4QQJo5aED63kxQZmDgeozJoViLlcd8Lnlr87mTmOHvIIsLCqf0GAvAWtVKIx2NRXzM2DzvIyfziKcDiwW2JrPGmi9Bdcq4FhofvwP8JzYcvdIo\/s1600\/numatadiversity.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgqGdku6blTJtZTPHIyEfZRcFp0ePr_i4QQJo5aED63kxQZmDgeozJoViLlcd8Lnlr87mTmOHvIIsLCqf0GAvAWtVKIx2NRXzM2DzvIyfziKcDiwW2JrPGmi9Bdcq4FhofvwP8JzYcvdIo\/s640\/numatadiversity.jpg\" width=\"426\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\n\u003Ci\u003EHeliconius numata\u003C\/i\u003E的斑紋多樣性\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"font-size: 12.8px;\"\u003E\nphoto:\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/isyeb.mnhn.fr\/joron\/mjguide.html\"\u003EKeith. S. Brown Jr. (1979)\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E標題：\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/ncomms6644\" style=\"font-size: x-large;\"\u003EEvolution of dominance mechanisms at a butterfly mimicry supergene\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E摘要\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EGenetic dominance in polymorphic loci may respond to selection; however, the evolution of dominance in complex traits remains a puzzle. We analyse dominance at a wing-patterning supergene controlling local mimicry polymorphism in the butterfly \u003Ci\u003EHeliconius numata\u003C\/i\u003E. Supergene alleles are associated with chromosomal inversion polymorphism, defining ancestral versus derived alleles. Using controlled crosses and the new procedure, Colour Pattern Modelling, allowing whole-wing pattern comparisons, we estimate dominance coefficients between alleles. Here we show strict dominance in sympatry favouring mimicry and inconsistent dominance throughout the wing between alleles from distant populations. Furthermore, dominance among derived alleles is uncoordinated across wing-pattern elements, producing mosaic heterozygous patterns determined by a hierarchy in colour expression. By contrast, heterozygotes with an ancestral allele show complete, coordinated dominance of the derived allele, independently of colours. Therefore, distinct dominance mechanisms have evolved in association with supergene inversions, in response to strong selection on mimicry polymorphism.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E求學的過程中大概多少都學過孟德爾（遺傳學之父，不知道他是誰的請面壁）的豌豆實驗，從那時候開始我們學過棋盤格方法，推演顯性與隱性間性狀在子代身上出現的比例。孟德爾的遺傳實驗讓我們知道兩件事：1）如果要知道性狀的顯隱性，要各種自交雜交回交子代間雜交再雜交 2）如果實驗對象沒辦法做到容易飼養這件事，想知道性狀的顯隱性簡直天方夜譚。到了現在，對於某些物種性狀的顯隱性我們可以容易的察覺，像人類、果蠅這類知之甚詳物種，但對於更多那些只知道現象，但對性狀的顯隱性卻很難推斷，而且性狀的變化對物種的演化有何優勢，我們瞭解的還只是表層的現象而已。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E在開始之前這篇前，先釐清一件事：可能有人覺得顯性比起隱性在天擇上更有優勢，因為在遺傳上比較容易表現出來，但實際上不是如此，隱性基因的頻率也可能比顯性基因來的高，一出現顯性性狀就被篩選，當然反過來也有可能。知道這件事後，這篇的概念就是想瞭解一種在南美洲參與穆氏擬態的毒蝶，\u003Ci\u003EHeliconius numata\u003C\/i\u003E，的超基因(supergene)（註）如何控制斑紋顯隱性在翅紋上的分佈，以及這在演化上哪種更具有優勢。毒蝶很符合好操作好生好養的條件，首先透過很多的雜交取得同型合子(homozygote)的個體(AA, aa)，然後再度雜交，就能取得異型合子的個體(Aa)，透過三種基因型的比較，我們就知道哪些斑紋是顯性或隱性，再跟實際上野外捕捉的個體相比，就能知道顯性或隱性在自然環境哪種比較佔有優勢。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E（註：超基因指數個控制某些性狀的基因座，因為天擇與分子機制的調控而集中到某處，看起來就像一個很大的基因座控制與微調全部的性狀，以這個例子來說，這個超基因控制的就是擬態斑紋的表現，而實際上如何透過基因倒位\/插入\/反轉來調控，又是另一個故事）\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/ncomms\/2014\/141127\/ncomms6644\/images\/ncomms6644-f2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/ncomms\/2014\/141127\/ncomms6644\/images\/ncomms6644-f2.jpg\" height=\"440\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/ncomms\/2014\/141127\/ncomms6644\/fig_tab\/ncomms6644_F2.html\"\u003EFig. 2\u003C\/a\u003E 上半部是共域個體雜交結果，下半部是半共域個體雜交結果，黑色背景圖為基因表現相對顯性程度，可以看出共域個體的顯性基因所佔比例較高\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/ncomms\/2014\/141127\/ncomms6644\/images\/ncomms6644-f3.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/ncomms\/2014\/141127\/ncomms6644\/images\/ncomms6644-f3.jpg\" height=\"314\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/ncomms\/2014\/141127\/ncomms6644\/fig_tab\/ncomms6644_F3.html\"\u003EFig. 3\u003C\/a\u003E 異型合子的個體顯示參與擬態的顏色相對表現程度\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E作者群藉由比較不同族群的擬態斑紋型態間的雜交，找出斑紋的顯隱性，發現共域的個體間雜交，會出現與顯性基因比較相近的斑紋，而異域雜交的個體就不一定，顯示在某個區域內，顯性遺傳是比較佔有優勢的。作者群還做了一個有趣的分析，毒蝶的斑紋主要由黑、黃、橘所組成，那麼斑紋的變化與不同區域的顏色比例有關，這些顏色間是否有相對的顯隱性？結果發現這些透過六個基因座所控制的顯性性狀，其顏色的顯隱性排序是黑色\u0026gt;橘色\u0026gt;黃色。透過這些遺傳學的結果，讓我們對於擬態的多態性斑紋變化，以及族群間的優勢斑紋的維持機制又有更深一層的認識。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E最後要說的是，這樣的研究是透過長期累積的基因體研究、野外的資料與無數的養蟲雜交才能有這樣的成果，而且還有物種本身單態性的優勢，讓推測遺傳性狀上不那麼困難。若是像大鳳蝶這種雄性單態性，雌性多態性的物種，光是要知道雄性是不是同型合子就很困難，推測顯隱性更是一大挑戰。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/6335754239811546708\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/04\/supergene.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/6335754239811546708"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/6335754239811546708"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/04\/supergene.html","title":"擬態蝴蝶的超基因(supergene)的顯性遺傳機制的演化"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgqGdku6blTJtZTPHIyEfZRcFp0ePr_i4QQJo5aED63kxQZmDgeozJoViLlcd8Lnlr87mTmOHvIIsLCqf0GAvAWtVKIx2NRXzM2DzvIyfziKcDiwW2JrPGmi9Bdcq4FhofvwP8JzYcvdIo\/s72-c\/numatadiversity.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-6009652901807811748"},"published":{"$t":"2016-04-21T09:34:00.003+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2016-04-21T09:34:33.491+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"文章 (Article)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"族群遺傳 (population genetics)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"模擬（modelling and simulation)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"穆氏擬態 (Müllerian mimicry)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"遺傳學 (genetics)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"顯性遺傳對於維持穆氏擬態中多態性的影響"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgjqN3iw7rAY9FiDf-JEt1ud3Aqu017knNpfhLRO-lND1aRCFYLBDTB7P58ljhPy-UB1du42NGe1hlNG1j5bG-hFxgvExZhhQ05UDn45Xkqv4mCbhcZxOk8i85U96SW0TEQ0d9QeMHReyE\/?imgmax=800\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"454\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgjqN3iw7rAY9FiDf-JEt1ud3Aqu017knNpfhLRO-lND1aRCFYLBDTB7P58ljhPy-UB1du42NGe1hlNG1j5bG-hFxgvExZhhQ05UDn45Xkqv4mCbhcZxOk8i85U96SW0TEQ0d9QeMHReyE\/?imgmax=800\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003Ephoto: \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/what-when-how.com\/insects\/mimicry-insects\/\"\u003Ewhat-when-how.com\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E標題：\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022519313003780\"\u003EThe effect of dominance on polymorphism in Müllerian mimicry\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E摘要\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EDominance controls the phenotype of heterozygous individuals, and plays an important role in the maintenance of polymorphism. Here we focus on the dominance acting on warning-pattern polymorphism in species engaged in Müllerian mimicry. Müllerian mimics are toxic species which display bright colour patterns used as a warning signal to predators and are subject to local positive density-dependent selection. Some Müllerian mimics are polymorphic due to a selection\/migration balance in spatially heterogeneous communities of prey. Since heterozygotes at a locus controlling warning pattern might exhibit intermediate, non-mimetic heterozygous morphs, dominance is likely to influence the polymorphism at this locus. Using a deterministic model describing migration, density-dependent predation and reproduction, we investigated the influence of dominance on the dynamics of alleles at locus determining mimetic phenotype. Our results suggest dominance may interact with migration and selection and plays an important role in shaping the conditions of polymorphism persistence and the frequency of alleles at this locus. Our results thus highlight the important role of dominance in the dynamics of polymorphism at loci under balancing selection due to environmental heterogeneity.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E有些穆氏擬態物種多態性的產生與維持，一直是個吸引科學家的問題，雖然已經從很多個方面討論，但總很難有個結論，主要是因為要解釋斑紋的有效性與不同斑紋的族群間的平衡來自多重複雜的因素，並且因素間可能有交互作用，很不容易從一而論，解釋所有的情況。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E這個研究的目的是想從遺傳學的角度著手，解釋顯性遺傳在穆氏擬態多態性的維持上的重要性。如果穆氏擬態的多態性來自不同斑紋族群遷徙時的雜交，那麼控制這個斑紋的基因座(locus)的顯隱性必然影響斑紋性狀的表現，當兩個族群雜交時就會出現中間型 (intermediate forms)，又因為只有顯性的斑紋可以表現在斑紋上，演化的歷程中就可能根據這些顯性表型逐漸的影響讓基因頻率轉移，進而產生新的斑紋。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEii1V6y8E0H2G8ShTNnoMfKpk5V_qV3wBVoV9XpBoPid_L_f0x1_QGZao92la44bYnBg9UQYum6IKVpeAZS-o_whg5am-EzV909cr9VEgntQbKG9L_ZyMIN0yI4N3phT4R2TPBtNrxVQew\/s1600\/%25E6%2593%25B7%25E5%258F%2596666.PNG\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"364\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEii1V6y8E0H2G8ShTNnoMfKpk5V_qV3wBVoV9XpBoPid_L_f0x1_QGZao92la44bYnBg9UQYum6IKVpeAZS-o_whg5am-EzV909cr9VEgntQbKG9L_ZyMIN0yI4N3phT4R2TPBtNrxVQew\/s640\/%25E6%2593%25B7%25E5%258F%2596666.PNG\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E本篇所使用的數學模型的一部分\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E作者用數學模型討論顯性基因的演化模式，其中考慮物種的遷徙、密度為基礎的被捕食率與生殖等因素探索顯性性狀對於多態性演化產生的影響。經過一堆公式的推導與模擬後，結果顯示遷徙與擇汰對多態型的維持與斑紋基因的頻率扮演重要的角色，這個結果也同時揭示顯性遺傳在多態性的平衡上的重要性。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhEA2d3eZ2IDzx4GOV_KcQPnZ6xOuw6o_-cYPSdmFlxjKyteVqMb_TZ6Q33m8b_vxRy2jH-_9nGommwW9SzMfmV8_d5nT3hXa5NJ4Af18ybSHktRNMkSyirNFz__HY9Ag7DXNfMMWq1QVY\/s1600\/%25E6%2593%25B7%25E5%258F%259633333.PNG\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"424\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEhEA2d3eZ2IDzx4GOV_KcQPnZ6xOuw6o_-cYPSdmFlxjKyteVqMb_TZ6Q33m8b_vxRy2jH-_9nGommwW9SzMfmV8_d5nT3hXa5NJ4Af18ybSHktRNMkSyirNFz__HY9Ag7DXNfMMWq1QVY\/s640\/%25E6%2593%25B7%25E5%258F%259633333.PNG\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EFig. 2 假設一個對偶基因ab在不同的狀況下的模擬結果。\u003Cbr \/\u003E灰：多態型維持 白：a被固定 黑：b被固定\u003Cbr \/\u003EA：全隱性 B：部分隱性 C：共顯性 D：全顯性\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E說實在的，這真是篇讓人看完頭很痛的文章......\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/6009652901807811748\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/04\/blog-post_21.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/6009652901807811748"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/6009652901807811748"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/04\/blog-post_21.html","title":"顯性遺傳對於維持穆氏擬態中多態性的影響"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEgjqN3iw7rAY9FiDf-JEt1ud3Aqu017knNpfhLRO-lND1aRCFYLBDTB7P58ljhPy-UB1du42NGe1hlNG1j5bG-hFxgvExZhhQ05UDn45Xkqv4mCbhcZxOk8i85U96SW0TEQ0d9QeMHReyE\/s72-c?imgmax=800","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}}]}});