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(Hymenoptera)-熊蜂 (Bombus)"},{"term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-昆蟲 (Insects)-膜翅目 (Hymenoptera)-絨蟻蜂 (velvet ant)"},{"term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-昆蟲 (Insects)-鞘翅目 (Coleoptera)-象鼻蟲 (weevil)"},{"term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-蜘蛛 (Arachnids)-蟻蜘 (Myrmarachne)"},{"term":"研究團隊"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-魚 (Fishes)-假醫生魚 (saber toothed blenny)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-魚 (Fishes)-珊瑚礁魚類 (reef fishes)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-魚 (Fishes)-醫生魚 (Cleaner Wrasse)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-鳥 (Aves)- 斑姬鶲 (pied flycatcher)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-鳥 (Aves)-杜鵑 (cuckoo)"},{"term":"脊椎動物 (Vertebrate)-鳥 (Aves)-牛鸝 (Cowbird)"},{"term":"\"模糊\"型擬態 (satyric mimicry)"},{"term":"分子鑑定 (molecular identificaiton)"},{"term":"副貝氏擬態 (quasi-Batesian mimicry)"},{"term":"古生物學 (palaeontology)"},{"term":"地理資訊系統 (GIS)"},{"term":"有爪動物"},{"term":"演化發育學 (Evo-Devo)"},{"term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-倍足綱 (Diplopoda)-馬陸 (millipedes)"},{"term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-昆蟲 (Insects)-蜻蛉目 (Odonata)-豆娘 (damselfly)"},{"term":"無脊椎動物 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(comment)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"擬態生物學"},"subtitle":{"type":"html","$t":"警戒色與擬態的介紹團隊，學術文章導讀，歷史背景，物種，與生物多樣性"},"link":[{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/posts\/default"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/-\/%E8%B2%9D%E6%B0%8F%E6%93%AC%E6%85%8B+%28Batesian+mimicry%29?alt=json-in-script\u0026max-results=8"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/search\/label\/%E8%B2%9D%E6%B0%8F%E6%93%AC%E6%85%8B%20%28Batesian%20mimicry%29"},{"rel":"hub","href":"http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/"},{"rel":"next","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/-\/%E8%B2%9D%E6%B0%8F%E6%93%AC%E6%85%8B+%28Batesian+mimicry%29\/-\/%E8%B2%9D%E6%B0%8F%E6%93%AC%E6%85%8B+%28Batesian+mimicry%29?alt=json-in-script\u0026start-index=9\u0026max-results=8"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"generator":{"version":"7.00","uri":"http://www.blogger.com","$t":"Blogger"},"openSearch$totalResults":{"$t":"43"},"openSearch$startIndex":{"$t":"1"},"openSearch$itemsPerPage":{"$t":"8"},"entry":[{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-8299061669997918041"},"published":{"$t":"2018-07-15T12:32:00.003+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-07-15T12:32:59.199+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"文章 (Article)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"有爪動物"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"貝氏擬態 (Batesian mimicry)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"在厄瓜多的雨林擬態有爪動物的鱗翅目幼蟲（？）"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"border-width: 100%; direction: ltr;\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cdiv style=\"direction: ltr; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0in; width: 7.4138in;\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cdiv style=\"direction: ltr; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0in; width: 7.4138in;\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/oup.silverchair-cdn.com\/oup\/backfile\/Content_public\/Journal\/ae\/64\/2\/10.1093_ae_tmy025\/1\/tmy02504.jpeg?Expires=2147483647\u0026amp;Signature=C18Nvp-KO9y1g1kSicDughIRKhwGA7moB2lySZ0oZUs~6RamEmxHCnI9M2eNfjOPnNixG-ICO4SKkhGvv72YnFr30mA22ka3htRT3sx5vCJjCXP6APB11SLp6LhkRAVgVFUJVgFHBKod6YAEs3oXC6NIDm21PHJaGsVVSMstGr9XVIEpiaYTpaam0IevyK43a~vDhhwEJ2upJUaaJBJ8eQO3TV4R0BFoEPcWKw4Xp08ZaQ2wAFjjgEfpqzM5UqFJOqIwwQt2oGR3tMmWNDK0Puz3x4egj-WvAB9HAPrwr-FbVhoFCHxuG15gj1gNsVxtwkxYJaSEoJ8l~nU6ALf-dQ__\u0026amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"800\" data-original-width=\"763\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/oup.silverchair-cdn.com\/oup\/backfile\/Content_public\/Journal\/ae\/64\/2\/10.1093_ae_tmy025\/1\/tmy02504.jpeg?Expires=2147483647\u0026amp;Signature=C18Nvp-KO9y1g1kSicDughIRKhwGA7moB2lySZ0oZUs~6RamEmxHCnI9M2eNfjOPnNixG-ICO4SKkhGvv72YnFr30mA22ka3htRT3sx5vCJjCXP6APB11SLp6LhkRAVgVFUJVgFHBKod6YAEs3oXC6NIDm21PHJaGsVVSMstGr9XVIEpiaYTpaam0IevyK43a~vDhhwEJ2upJUaaJBJ8eQO3TV4R0BFoEPcWKw4Xp08ZaQ2wAFjjgEfpqzM5UqFJOqIwwQt2oGR3tMmWNDK0Puz3x4egj-WvAB9HAPrwr-FbVhoFCHxuG15gj1gNsVxtwkxYJaSEoJ8l~nU6ALf-dQ__\u0026amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\" width=\"381\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;Microsoft JhengHei\u0026quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; margin: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;Microsoft JhengHei\u0026quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; margin: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/oup.silverchair-cdn.com\/oup\/backfile\/Content_public\/Journal\/ae\/64\/2\/10.1093_ae_tmy025\/1\/m_tmy0256a.jpeg?Expires=2147483647\u0026amp;Signature=EVhryiWMbVtZHVADn6bNkkrg2qspvKu4mpmCXwq1EIIIlT~y~rgsDdWpDDLXYbwI6nn0SQNWu1R-43VdgEPNaUhnn-e5se9nGKE97u5j-0IemLEJFxQl5sSVmqkZbGziBqyGvU2EsLXXqzr68wzka6keqQVaZwnnk2lGUMHfwqpONLU8IFAtdIhM~LYWl-bctF37uTo4Us7ZTsT87iw2LGx~O2sLVzkUxOq6OEMTs6o8-6oESvc0pS65BddvnFdd1Aa2-Aih-nEl1Oym1DMoSllsAORzjdveBcU6e6Xm3B6LUmFm2lLO6Rdqm4v5kc8NyiUbeIi8ruwbOHz5vcQTHQ__\u0026amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"668\" data-original-width=\"520\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/oup.silverchair-cdn.com\/oup\/backfile\/Content_public\/Journal\/ae\/64\/2\/10.1093_ae_tmy025\/1\/m_tmy0256a.jpeg?Expires=2147483647\u0026amp;Signature=EVhryiWMbVtZHVADn6bNkkrg2qspvKu4mpmCXwq1EIIIlT~y~rgsDdWpDDLXYbwI6nn0SQNWu1R-43VdgEPNaUhnn-e5se9nGKE97u5j-0IemLEJFxQl5sSVmqkZbGziBqyGvU2EsLXXqzr68wzka6keqQVaZwnnk2lGUMHfwqpONLU8IFAtdIhM~LYWl-bctF37uTo4Us7ZTsT87iw2LGx~O2sLVzkUxOq6OEMTs6o8-6oESvc0pS65BddvnFdd1Aa2-Aih-nEl1Oym1DMoSllsAORzjdveBcU6e6Xm3B6LUmFm2lLO6Rdqm4v5kc8NyiUbeIi8ruwbOHz5vcQTHQ__\u0026amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\" width=\"311\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E可能是擬態的鱗翅目幼蟲\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/oup.silverchair-cdn.com\/oup\/backfile\/Content_public\/Journal\/ae\/64\/2\/10.1093_ae_tmy025\/1\/m_tmy0256b.jpeg?Expires=2147483647\u0026amp;Signature=BgVyzJk9I8rULgA9GLCQje5~vCofKV-9kbl~rx8uqZiTjU88KToyrttZtlJvBntIX8c9siALJBWYXJQ4APzlBvY1kFsExGeNoFBQ8Um095xaSGRC3q1Vkv4olUqx15TguNoa8Zrwx0VjCaCFjePIr-yefn~BYUlzreExyYPCzHGGOjLPSnWzIh1KV~edtzJN9QaNkoX7KzjuOVnM~wTyMP5Db7nrSSCm7umR8FLuEmzCTz8mt0hHzr0Ea2YL~j4WnM3xiqmn8oB2av8xjZLTNIV2bKbcNHBIPFCPbk93DXPUOq7GRyDz1thMQwZTAwLC6OGcVOiY3qvz9Uj7AUEqhA__\u0026amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"668\" data-original-width=\"520\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/oup.silverchair-cdn.com\/oup\/backfile\/Content_public\/Journal\/ae\/64\/2\/10.1093_ae_tmy025\/1\/m_tmy0256b.jpeg?Expires=2147483647\u0026amp;Signature=BgVyzJk9I8rULgA9GLCQje5~vCofKV-9kbl~rx8uqZiTjU88KToyrttZtlJvBntIX8c9siALJBWYXJQ4APzlBvY1kFsExGeNoFBQ8Um095xaSGRC3q1Vkv4olUqx15TguNoa8Zrwx0VjCaCFjePIr-yefn~BYUlzreExyYPCzHGGOjLPSnWzIh1KV~edtzJN9QaNkoX7KzjuOVnM~wTyMP5Db7nrSSCm7umR8FLuEmzCTz8mt0hHzr0Ea2YL~j4WnM3xiqmn8oB2av8xjZLTNIV2bKbcNHBIPFCPbk93DXPUOq7GRyDz1thMQwZTAwLC6OGcVOiY3qvz9Uj7AUEqhA__\u0026amp;Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA\" width=\"311\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E可能是模型的有爪動物\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;Microsoft JhengHei\u0026quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; margin: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\n\n有爪動物 (Onychophora) 是個可愛又神奇的生物，有著長長的身體與很多的腳，現生已描述的種類大約200種（但相信有更多尚未發現），主要分佈在赤道與熱帶地區，根據牠已滅絕的姐妹群來看，其祖先可能早期寒武紀就已存在。 \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E這篇文章描述的是在厄瓜多的有爪動物，而且作者認為當地某些頭上有角的鱗翅目幼蟲擬態這些有爪動物，原因是因為有爪動物在遭遇敵人時，會噴出黏液與用大顎防禦，這些作者認為是一種「讓捕食者不悅」的行為，而幼蟲沒有其它防禦機制，因此鱗翅目幼蟲獲得保護，且根據文中引用的Wagner (2005)，美洲的一種鳳蝶\u003Ci\u003EBattus philenor\u003C\/i\u003E的幼蟲與有爪動物的例子（是說這篇也有點問題），因此他們認為這是一種貝氏擬態的例子。 \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E這是個很妙的觀察。兩種不相干的動物生活在同一個地方又長得像，說這是擬態好像很合理，但我們如果考量擬態與演化的前提，就會發現有些部份值得討論：\n\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Col style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E有爪動物看起來是與背景對比不強烈的顏色，這樣的體色，或是身體任何部分，有明顯到能引發捕食者警戒或有深刻印象的作用，讓捕食者產生避忌嗎？\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E有爪動物與幼蟲的相對數量未知，但根據一些資料，有爪動物的數量似乎不多，這樣能讓幼蟲獲得足夠的好處嗎？\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E作者認為這是貝氏擬態只是因為行為與外型相似，但他們似乎沒注意到某些沒有有爪動物的區域也有頭上有兩根角，行動緩慢的幼蟲，這個特徵難道不是從幼蟲的祖先承襲來的嗎？\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ol\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E有了這些疑問，所以能說他們的觀察錯了嗎？恐怕還不行。捕食者看到了什麼，是否真的有作用是不清楚的，相對數量有多少也很難說，就算這個行為是祖徵，也難保幼蟲沒有從這樣的相似性獲得部份來自擬態的好處，因此，雖說這篇証據力薄弱，倒也還不能完全否決。 \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E老話一句，這個現象需要更多的研究。\n\n\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"direction: ltr; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0in; width: 7.4138in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"direction: ltr; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0in; width: 7.4138in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cb\u003EZitani NM\u003C\/b\u003E, \u003Cb\u003EThorn RG\u003C\/b\u003E, \u003Cb\u003EHoyle M\u003C\/b\u003E, \u003Cb\u003ESchulz JM\u003C\/b\u003E, \u003Cb\u003ESteipe T\u003C\/b\u003E, \u003Cb\u003ERuiz YB\u003C\/b\u003E, \u003Cb\u003ESarquis-Adamson Y\u003C\/b\u003E \u0026amp;\u0026nbsp;\u003Cb\u003EWishart AE\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E. \u003Cb\u003E2018\u003C\/b\u003E. An Onychophoran and Its Putative Lepidopteran Mimic in the Arboreal Bryosphere of an Ecuadorian Cloud Forest. \u003Ci\u003EAmerican Entomologist\u003C\/i\u003E \u003Cb\u003E64\u003C\/b\u003E: 94–101.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/8299061669997918041\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2018\/07\/blog-post.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/8299061669997918041"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/8299061669997918041"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2018\/07\/blog-post.html","title":"在厄瓜多的雨林擬態有爪動物的鱗翅目幼蟲（？）"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-8646315018995802061"},"published":{"$t":"2018-06-25T10:41:00.000+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2018-06-25T11:15:25.085+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"擬態那些事"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"貝氏擬態 (Batesian mimicry)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"貝氏。擬態：亨利貝茲的亞馬遜冒險與他的擬態論"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"border-width: 100%; direction: ltr;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"direction: ltr; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0in; width: 7.6041in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"direction: ltr; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0in; width: 7.6041in;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/dd\/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_32.png\/460px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_32.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"736\" data-original-width=\"460\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/dd\/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_32.png\/460px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_32.png\" width=\"400\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E貝茲(1863)出版的遊記中插圖。\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;Microsoft JhengHei\u0026quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; margin: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;Microsoft JhengHei\u0026quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; margin: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E「親愛的萊士： \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E好久不見了，你好嗎？你在那遙遠的神秘東方看了了什麼呢？還記得當年我們踏上亞馬遜的Para土地的那一刻嗎？你踏上馬來群島時是否也像我現在一樣，想起了那一刻呢？ \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E我剛回到倫敦，打算好好的整理這些無價的標本，還記得我們在亞馬遜的時候看到得那些很相似的蝴蝶嗎？我對這個現象有一個理論，有空想說給你聽聽，而每當我看到這些蝴蝶時，總會想到遠在馬來群島還在採集的你。 \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E你借給我的，來自東方的神秘標本我已經收到了，好好的存放在我的標本櫃裡。你呢？何時會踏上回到倫敦的旅途呢？ \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E誠摯的  貝」\u003C\/span\u003E\n\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;Microsoft JhengHei\u0026quot;; margin: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E（\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large; text-align: right;\"\u003E出自民明書房，你不知道的英國自然史學家\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E）\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\n---- \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E在中文的世界裡，最熟悉的自然史學家莫過是那個搭著小獵犬號環遊世界，在自家小花園宅個十幾年生出巨作「物種原始」，奠定生物學中最重要基礎「演化論」的查理斯。達爾文 (Charles R. Darwin)，而對自然史更有一點興趣的話，會認識後來認為與達爾文在演化論的發表上有著同等重要的貢獻，而且花費了8年時間在東南亞區域採集與觀察的阿弗萊特。華萊士 (Alfred R. Wallace)。然而，在同一個年代，有個英國的自然學家，他在1862年提出的概念至今必然會在所有人的課本上提到，出現在野外志工解說員必然會舉的例子中。他一生從未來到亞洲，也未與亞洲有過任何直接的關聯，也或許是這個原因，雖有無數的外文資料介紹討論他的生平與貢獻，或是與當時科學家的來往書信，但在中文的世界中幾乎沒有完整的資料介紹他的這些生平，但他的觀察與理論提供達爾文演化論中關於天擇最佳的例子，如果沒有這個現象的支持，達爾文或許就少了點推出演化論的契機。 \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E亨利。貝茲（Henry W. Bates, 1825-1892)—或許你對這個名字沒什麼印象，但在參與野外導覽時一定聽過他的理論—「貝氏擬態」。 \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6a\/HenryWalterBates.JPG\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6a\/HenryWalterBates.JPG\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E照片1892年刊載於貝茲訃聞上的照片，攝於同年，貝茲時為67歲。\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E貝茲先生，你是誰？\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E在正式進入貝氏擬態前，我想先簡單介紹一下這個自然理論的奠基者—亨利。貝茲，與他在亞馬遜那個長達11年的人生大冒險。他是個與達爾文以及華萊士同樣重要的英國自然學家，出生在英國萊斯特(Leicester)的中產階級家庭，他有著普通的教育，過著普通的生活，與普通人不同卻與大部分自然學家相同的是，他愛抓蟲，對自然現象著迷，而且有很好的觀察力，好到18歲的時候就開始寫論文（在那個年代）。在加入Mechanics' Institute後，他就開始研究在旁邊的森林(Charnwood Forest)裡的昆蟲。在大學中認識華萊士後，怎麼也想不到接他會有人生中最波瀾壯闊的旅程。 \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E「1847年某日，貝茲22歲，華萊士24歲，中午吃飯時。\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E貝：啊啊，這附近的蟲我們都看過了，萊士，越來越覺得在英國抓蟲不好玩了。你有聽過一些南美的故事嗎？據說那裡有著無數的新蟲等我們去抓呢。啊啊啊，好想去啊…. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E華：你說得沒錯，貝。可是我們沒有錢。沒有錢就沒船票，沒法去啊！\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E我也好想去啊啊啊啊啊！\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"direction: ltr; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0in; width: 7.6041in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E貝：那不然這樣，我們可以去問有沒有人想買沒看過的標本。那些假掰貴族一定有興趣，國家的博物館也一定想增加館藏。來自神秘南美亞馬遜的標本聽起來很有賣點呢！賣出的錢就能當成我們的旅費了啊！ 好想去啊啊啊！\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E華：說得好，貝！我們的政府hen有錢！而且我正好有認識的蟲商與官員可以處理，這樣我們就有錢去南美抓蟲了！而且回來後再寫遊記出個書再賺一筆，上個報紙有知名度後再來接業配，這樣就不用煩惱了！好棒啊啊啊！貝！\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E貝、華：嘿嘿嘿…..（好想去啊！）」 \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E（出自民明書房，你不知道的英國自然史學家）\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E在1848年的四月，他們懷著滿肚子的壞水（x）希望（O）從利物浦出發了，前往那未知的南美叢林。在大約兩個月的航行，他們終於到了第一座城市Pará（現今巴西的貝倫），並且一同在這個區域採集。在第一年中他們就送回7000件各式各樣的生物標本，並賣出大部份的標本以支持他們的旅程（這部份是真的）。而在接下來的幾年中，他們協議分別沿著亞馬遜河探索這個廣大的區域，貝茲最終上溯到了現今秘魯邊境的Solimões，以Tefé做為基地進行長達四年半的採集與研究。 （與此同時，華萊士在亞馬遜待了四年後就回到英國，接著前往東南亞）\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E在踏上南美土地的這段時間，他克服了野生動物、水土不服、氣候不適等各種情況，其中最嚴重的是受到黃熱病與瘧疾的侵襲，讓他的健康每況愈下。11年後，他終於回到倫敦，帶回數以萬計的標本，包含14000種的昆蟲，其中8000種是當時的新種！在接下來的三年內，他繼續在亞馬遜未完的研究，並且著手寫下在亞馬遜的觀察與經驗。在1862年的著作：Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae中紀錄了他對毒蝶與相關物種的觀察，並在此首次提到為何不同的物種會有相似外觀的想法，也就是後世所稱的貝氏擬態。次年，他這11年看到的動植物與在南美的遊歷，名為The Naturalist on the River Amazon出版了，這也是在達爾文的小獵犬號與華萊士的馬來群島紀遊外，另一件了解當時自然科學家如何理解自然與人文文化的重要書籍。 \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E在這之後，他在倫敦昆蟲學會擔任了某三屆主席，以及分別被推舉為林奈學會與皇家學會研究員。他賣掉大部份的鱗翅目標本，專心在他的甲蟲研究上，特別是天牛、步行蟲與虎甲蟲。1892年，他因肺氣腫而與世人長辭，所留下的大部份的標本目前蒐藏於大英自然史博物館中，至今仍是重要的分類參考依據。 \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E在華萊士幫貝茲寫的訃聞中（寫在Nature上），提到他對於貝茲在解釋蝴蝶擬態的理論是「卓越且劃時代」、「清楚且聰明的解釋」。在那個年代，沒有手機，沒有方便的資源，沒有很好的醫療，他在亞馬遜的11年中，勇敢的為生物學與博物學探索未知的領域，跨越湍急的溪流、嚴重的疾病與種種的困難，靠著意志力與長期細緻的觀察，最終留給世人無數無價遺產，以及一個至今讓無數生物學家著迷又競相研究的理論。 \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E（還有很多書沒看完，看完再來寫一篇細緻一點的） \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E  \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/95\/Batesplate_ArM.jpg\/1024px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"546\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/95\/Batesplate_ArM.jpg\/1024px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E在貝茲(1862)中的圖版。圖中除了中間的5.外，一、三行是\u003Ci\u003EDismorphia \u003C\/i\u003E(= \u003Ci\u003ELeptalis\u003C\/i\u003E)的粉蝶，二、四行是擬態模型的毒蝶。\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E什麼是貝氏擬態？\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E當你參加某個營隊時，在看到某些鳳蝶，或許帶隊老師\/解說員\/志工有人就會這樣介紹：「我們現在看到這個蝴蝶，牠跟我們旁邊看的的這個蝴蝶，有沒有，看起來很像啦，旁邊這個蝴蝶齁，是有毒的啦，現在看到這個齁，就是在擬態旁邊這個，這樣牠就會被保護不會給鳥吃去啦」。 \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E是的，這就是貝氏擬態，學術一點的說法就\u003Cb\u003E「沒毒的（好吃的）物種藉著與有毒的（不好吃的）物種視覺相似度欺騙捕食者獲得保護，降低被攻擊的比率，提高適存度。」 \u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E貝氏擬態（Batesian mimicry）一詞從未出現在貝茲自己的文章中，貝氏二字是之後的科學家加上，而這個詞應該是在1890-1915這段期間第一次出現在自然史的歷史中（註）。在貝茲的理論中，他是這麼描述這個現象的： \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cblockquote class=\"tr_bq\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E「…It is not difficult to divine the meaning of final cause of these analogies. When we see a species of Moth which frequents flowers in the daytime wearing the appearance of a Wasp, we feel compelled to infer that the imitation is intended to protect the otherwise defenceless insect by deceiving insectivorous animals, which persecute the Moth, but avoid the Wasp. May not the Heliconide dress serve the same purpose to the \u003Ci\u003ELeptalis \u003C\/i\u003E? Is it not probable, seeing the excessive abundance of the one species and the fewness of individuals of the other, that the Heliconide is free from the persecution to which the \u003Ci\u003ELeptalis \u003C\/i\u003Eis subjected?..」 \u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/blockquote\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E大概是說「我們不難想像當你同時看到訪花的蛾像胡蜂時，就是用來讓捕食者以為這是蜂而迴避，而在他所觀察到的相似的蝴蝶間也是如此」（大概就跟志工老師說的差不多）。他在亞馬遜的觀察，是以\u003Ci\u003ELeptalis\u003C\/i\u003E這個粉蝶（現為\u003Ci\u003EDismorphia\u003C\/i\u003E）與毒蝶Heliconide間的關係舉例，而如今已經在世界各地發現無數的例子符合這個現象，如華萊士在當年就注意到的大鳳蝶，或是後來發現很多與蜂相關的擬態現象，如很多的天牛或蛾與胡蜂間的相似性，都被歸類為貝氏擬態。 \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E不過這裡有意思的是，貝茲在巴西待這麼久，在他的文章中也提到毒蝶內不同物種互相模仿的觀察，但他在文章中卻沒對這個現象提出解釋，或許是單純的覺得同屬或分類相近長得像很自然？直到1874，貝茲文章問世12年後，才由Fritz Müller提出看法，也就是穆氏擬態（Müllerian mimicry），這又是另一個故事了。 \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E不可質疑你的貝氏擬態？這個完美的詮釋哪裡有問題？\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E在很多的課本中，都只花一點點的篇幅介紹這個現象，看起來這些很像的物種間的生態關係，靠著貝茲的理論能夠完美的解釋一切。然而，貝茲花了這麼長的時間所歸納出的理論卻只是一個開端，到現在，只要是談到有點與擬態相關的物種的論文，都還會有些篇幅討論貝氏擬態。 \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E但貝氏擬態的問題在哪呢？ \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E首先，貝茲在亞馬遜觀察到的擬態群是真的十分相似的，但隨著華萊士從東方送回的標本，以及後來各區域採集家觀察越來越多的標本，很快的大家發現一件事：大部份的擬態者與擬態模型間好像不是那麼像（不精確），這樣還符合貝茲的擬態理論嗎？很快的，大家又發現了另一件事：怎麼擬態者本身的變化度好像很高？這樣還有擬態效果嗎？ \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E於是科學家們開始思考這些事，貝氏擬態不精確有用嗎？為何天擇可以容忍不精確的存在？多不精確會有作用？天擇能容許到什麼程度？捕食者是誰？捕食者看得懂嗎？不同的捕食者有差嗎？捕食者的視覺有影響嗎？物種本身的變化程度呢？…… \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E在另一個方面，達爾文的演化論問世後，科學家思考的另一個層面當然就是：兩個不相干的物種長得這麼像是怎麼來得？什麼時候開始？什麼樣的適應機制造成的？這兩個物種真的「不相干」嗎？擬態者的數量有差嗎？還是頻度呢？物種要如何「加入」擬態？從有毒的先開始？那沒毒的出現這個斑紋，留得下來嗎？….. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E這之後，在系統發生學與支序學等理論與工具的成熟，混合上行為學、生態學等方面的發展，更多新的擬態物種的發掘，更別提近年分子生物學工具的進步，綜合這些工具加入回答那些問了又問，答了又答的問題，想解決疑惑的人，想挑戰經典的人，想試新工具的人，通通都在這裡面攪和，就難怪這個理論會一直不停的討論不休。 \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E結語\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E如今，貝氏擬態的討論不僅於生態上的作用，而已擴張到了各式各樣的科學領域，發現是貝氏擬態的物種也早已不限於蝴蝶或昆蟲，魚類，鳥類，爬蟲類，兩棲類，甚至某些植物，都被發現符合貝氏擬態的例子，這個自百年前發現的現象，至今仍然有很多的議題與材料等待被研究，而且已經成為只要與自然界相關的活動與課題，就必然會提到的經典。 \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E註：據我的觀察，在Poulton (1890)的書中尚未出現貝氏擬態一詞，但在Punnett (1915)就已出現，因此貝氏擬態一詞應該是在這段時間中出現，也或許就是Punnett (1915)首次提出的。 \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ch2 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E參考資料 \u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EBates HW. 1862. Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 23: 495–566. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EBates HW. 1863. The Naturalist on the river Amazons. John Murray. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EPoulton EB. 1890. The Colours of Animals. London: Trübner \u0026amp; Co Ltd. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EWallace, AR. 1892. H. W. Bates, The Naturalist of the Amazons. Nature. 45: 398–399. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EPunnett RC. 1915. Mimicry in Butterflies. Cambridge, Cambridge University press. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ERuxton GD, Sherratt TN \u0026amp; Speed MP. 2004. Avoiding Attack: The Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Warning Signals and Mimicry. Oxford.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EWikipedia. Batesian mimicry.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EWikipedia. Henry W. Bates.\u003C\/span\u003E\n\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"font-family: \u0026quot;Microsoft JhengHei\u0026quot;; margin: 0in;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/8646315018995802061\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2018\/06\/blog-post_25.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/8646315018995802061"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/8646315018995802061"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2018\/06\/blog-post_25.html","title":"貝氏。擬態：亨利貝茲的亞馬遜冒險與他的擬態論"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-8868159896618100257"},"published":{"$t":"2017-10-29T11:18:00.006+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2017-10-29T11:23:26.438+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"書 (Book)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"穆氏擬態 (Müllerian mimicry)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"貝氏擬態 (Batesian mimicry)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"[Book] Mimicry, Crypsis, Masquerade and other Adaptive Resemblances"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/media.wiley.com\/product_data\/coverImage300\/3X\/11189315\/111893153X.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"391\" data-original-width=\"300\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/media.wiley.com\/product_data\/coverImage300\/3X\/11189315\/111893153X.jpg\" width=\"306\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cul style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E書名\u003C\/b\u003E\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/as.wiley.com\/WileyCDA\/WileyTitle\/productCd-111893153X.html\"\u003EMimicry, Crypsis, Masquerade and Other Adaptive Resemblances\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E作者\u003C\/b\u003E\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Donald L. J. Quicke\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E出版者\u003C\/b\u003E\u0026nbsp;Wiley Blackwell\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EISBN\u003C\/b\u003E\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 111893153X, 9781118931530\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E頁數\u003C\/b\u003E\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;576 頁\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E擬態\/警戒色的生物學進展相當快速，眾多的文章讓很多人難以一窺理論發展的全貌。這本書\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E縱觀自亨利貝茨十八世紀起的觀察，到近代的理論發展，將擬態生物學的基礎理論與實務發展做了相當清楚的整理，內容包含名詞的爭議與解釋、理論介紹、實務實驗介紹，與許多相關的實例等，這本書可說是未來擬態生物學相關領域的重要文獻。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E作者原為Imperial College London生物科學系的教授，2013年退休後至曼谷的Chulalongkorn University作為訪問教授。主要研究領域有寄生蜂的系統分類、生態與演化，系統發生學方法，擬態與警戒色等諸多領域。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E內容目錄\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EPreface\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E1 INTRODUCTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MIMICRY SYSTEMS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E2 CAMOUFLAGE: CRYPSIS AND DISRUPTIVE COLOURATION IN ANIMALS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E3 CAMOUFLAGE: MASQUERADE\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E4 APOSEMATISM AND ITS EVOLUTION\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E5 ANTI-PREDATOR MIMICRY. I. MATHEMATICAL MODELS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E6 ANTI-PREDATOR MIMICRY. II. EXPERIMENTAL TESTS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E7 ANTI-PREDATOR MIMICRY. III. BATESIAN AND MULLERIAN EXAMPLES\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E8 ANTI-PREDATOR MIMICRY. ATTACK DEFLECTION, SCHOOLING, ETC.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E9 ANTI-HERBIVORY DECEPTIONS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E10 AGGRESSIVE DECEPTIONS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E11 SEXUAL MIMICRIES IN ANIMALS (INCLUDING HUMANS)\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E12 REPRODUCTIVE MIMICRIES IN PLANTS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E13 INTRA- AND INTERSPECIFIC COOPERATION, COMPETITION AND HIERARCHIES\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E14 ADAPTIVE RESEMBLANCES AND DISPERSAL: SEEDS, SPORES AND EGGS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E15 MOLECULAR MIMICRY: PARASITES, PATHOGENS AND PLANTS\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EExtended glossary\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EReferences\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EAuthor index\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EGeneral index\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003ETaxonomic index\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E相關書籍\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/h3\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cul style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cb style=\"font-weight: bold;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003ERuxton GD\u003C\/b\u003E, \u003Cb\u003ESherratt TN\u003C\/b\u003E \u0026amp;\u0026nbsp;\u003Cb\u003ESpeed MP\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-weight: bold;\"\u003E. \u003Cspan style=\"font-weight: normal;\"\u003E2004\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Ci\u003EAvoiding Attack: The Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Warning Signals and Mimicry. \u003C\/i\u003EOxford University Press. 260 pp.\u003Cb\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/8868159896618100257\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2017\/10\/book-mimicry-crypsis-masquerade-and.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/8868159896618100257"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/8868159896618100257"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2017\/10\/book-mimicry-crypsis-masquerade-and.html","title":"[Book] Mimicry, Crypsis, Masquerade and other Adaptive Resemblances"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-4271087588315680560"},"published":{"$t":"2017-10-25T14:30:00.000+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2017-10-25T14:30:00.921+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"基因體 (Genomics)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"文章 (Article)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-昆蟲 (Insects)-鱗翅目 (Lepidoptera)-蝴蝶 (Butterflies)-鳳蝶 (swallowtail butterfly)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"貝氏擬態 (Batesian mimicry)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"控制大鳳蝶限性擬態與多態性的超基因 doublesex 的序列檢測與演化"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/images.nature.com\/lw926\/nature-assets\/srep\/2016\/161006\/srep34782\/images_hires\/srep34782-f1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"800\" data-original-width=\"337\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/images.nature.com\/lw926\/nature-assets\/srep\/2016\/161006\/srep34782\/images_hires\/srep34782-f1.jpg\" width=\"268\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E圖片來自本文\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E原文標題：\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep34782\"\u003EIdentification of \u003Ci\u003Edoublesex\u003C\/i\u003E alleles associated with the female-limited Batesian mimicry polymorphism in \u003Ci\u003EPapilio memnon\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;(open access)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E摘要\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EThe female-limited Batesian mimicry polymorphism in \u003Ci\u003EPapilio\u003C\/i\u003E butterflies is an intriguing system for investigating the mechanism of maintenance of genetic polymorphisms. In \u003Ci\u003EPapilio polytes\u003C\/i\u003E, an autosomal region encompassing the sex-determinant gene \u003Ci\u003Edoublesex\u003C\/i\u003E controls female-limited mimicry polymorphism. In the closely related species \u003Ci\u003EP. memnon\u003C\/i\u003E, which also exhibits female-limited Batesian mimicry polymorphism, we identified two allelic sequences of the \u003Ci\u003Edoublesex\u003C\/i\u003E gene that corresponded exactly with the mimetic and non-mimetic female phenotypes. Thus, the genetic basis of the mimicry polymorphism in \u003Ci\u003EP. memnon\u003C\/i\u003E is similar to that in \u003Ci\u003EP. polytes\u003C\/i\u003E. However, the mimetic and non-mimetic alleles of the two species were not identical, and the divergence of alleles occurred independently in \u003Ci\u003EP. memnon\u003C\/i\u003E and \u003Ci\u003EP. polytes\u003C\/i\u003E. Different mutation-selection processes may have resulted in the convergent patterns of mimicry polymorphism in these \u003Ci\u003EPapilio\u003C\/i\u003E butterflies.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ci\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\n自從控制非洲的白鳳蝶 (\u003Ci\u003EPapilio dardanus\u003C\/i\u003E) 的雌性限性擬態\/多態性翅紋的基因座發現後，來到2014年，控制玉帶鳳蝶雌性限性擬態\/多態性的超基因 \u003Ci\u003Edoublesex \u003C\/i\u003E的序列與機制也被發掘出來 (可參考\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.tw\/2016\/04\/papilio-polytes.html\"\u003E這篇文章\u003C\/a\u003E與\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.tw\/2014\/03\/doublesex.html\"\u003E這個新聞\u003C\/a\u003E)\u003Ci\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/i\u003E。那麼有著類似斑紋變化，同樣是經典的擬態案例的大鳳蝶呢？\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E同樣是京都大學的曾田貞滋教授團隊與師大生科系的林仲平教授合作的研究，在這篇文章中，他們發現控制大鳳蝶的超基因與玉帶鳳蝶相似，都位於\u003Ci\u003Edoublesex\u003C\/i\u003E這個基因座上，也有表現擬態的顯性 (H) 與隱性 (h)。然而，雖然大鳳蝶與玉帶鳳蝶是同一個亞屬，但兩種目的基因的序列並不相同，而且系統發生學的分析顯示兩者間的基因來源是獨立演化而來。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/images.nature.com\/lw926\/nature-assets\/srep\/2016\/161006\/srep34782\/images_hires\/srep34782-f2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"800\" data-original-width=\"576\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/images.nature.com\/lw926\/nature-assets\/srep\/2016\/161006\/srep34782\/images_hires\/srep34782-f2.jpg\" width=\"460\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E系統發生學分析顯示玉帶鳳蝶與大鳳蝶的親緣關係\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/images.nature.com\/lw926\/nature-assets\/srep\/2016\/161006\/srep34782\/images_hires\/srep34782-f4.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"371\" data-original-width=\"675\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/images.nature.com\/lw926\/nature-assets\/srep\/2016\/161006\/srep34782\/images_hires\/srep34782-f4.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E以系統發生學的方式分析\u003Ci\u003Edoublesex\u003C\/i\u003E基因序列的關係，顯示大鳳蝶與玉帶鳳蝶間的基因來源是獨立演化而來\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E控制表型的基因在種間是獨立演化而來其實是滿普遍的現象，但為何這個研究要特地分析兩種的序列以證明其獨立演化來源呢？因為以毒蝶來說，控制斑紋的超基因是會藉由雜交而在不同族群間交換，如果把以系統發生學的方式分析毒蝶的超基因，會發現每個支系混雜不同的族群，而在這篇文章中可以發現兩者的分化顯著，顯示其推動基因演化的機制與毒蝶有所差異。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/4271087588315680560\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2017\/10\/doublesex24.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/4271087588315680560"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/4271087588315680560"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2017\/10\/doublesex24.html","title":"控制大鳳蝶限性擬態與多態性的超基因 \u003Ci\u003Edoublesex\u003C\/i\u003E 的序列檢測與演化"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-83285638093005660"},"published":{"$t":"2017-10-23T14:30:00.000+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2017-10-24T16:36:50.614+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"基因體 (Genomics)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"文章 (Article)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-昆蟲 (Insects)-鱗翅目 (Lepidoptera)-蝴蝶 (Butterflies)-鳳蝶 (swallowtail butterfly)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"貝氏擬態 (Batesian mimicry)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"調控大鳳蝶多態性與貝氏擬態性狀的超基因 \"doublesex\" 基因頻度的時序動態 "},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/reefbuilders.com\/files\/2014\/11\/papilio-memnon.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"291\" data-original-width=\"620\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/reefbuilders.com\/files\/2014\/11\/papilio-memnon.png\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E圖片來源：https:\/\/reefbuilders.com\/2014\/11\/14\/survival-reef-part-1-masquerading-false-colours\/#\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n標題：\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-13419-8\"\u003ETemporal dynamics of the mimetic allele frequency at the doublesex locus, which controls polymorphic Batesian mimicry in \u003Ci\u003EPapilio memnon\u003C\/i\u003E butterflies\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;(open access)\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n摘要\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: \u0026quot;lora\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;palatino\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;\"\u003ETracking allele frequencies is essential for understanding how polymorphisms of adaptive traits are maintained. In\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ci style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;\"\u003EPapilio memnon\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/i\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: \u0026quot;lora\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;palatino\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;\"\u003Ebutterflies, which exhibit a female-limited Batesian mimicry polymorphism (wing-pattern polymorphism), two alleles at the\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ci style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;\"\u003Edoublesex\u003C\/i\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: \u0026quot;lora\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;palatino\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;(\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ci style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;\"\u003Edsx\u003C\/i\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: \u0026quot;lora\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;palatino\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;\"\u003E) locus correspond to mimetic and non-mimetic forms in females; males carry both\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ci style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;\"\u003Edsx\u003C\/i\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: \u0026quot;lora\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;palatino\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;alleles but display only the non-mimetic form. This polymorphism is thought to be maintained by a negative frequency-dependent selection. By tracking\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ci style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;\"\u003Edsx\u003C\/i\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: \u0026quot;lora\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;palatino\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;allele frequencies in both sexes at a Taiwanese site over four years, we found that the mimetic allele persists at intermediate frequencies even when the unpalatable model papilionid butterflies (\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ci style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;\"\u003EPachliopta\u003C\/i\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: \u0026quot;lora\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;palatino\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ci style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Lora, Palatino, Times, \u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;, serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;\"\u003EAtrophaneura\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/i\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: \u0026quot;lora\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;palatino\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times\u0026quot; , \u0026quot;times new roman\u0026quot; , serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.17px;\"\u003Especies) were very rare or absent. The rates of male mate choice did not differ between the two female forms; neither did insemination number nor age composition, suggesting equivalent reproductive performance of the two forms over time. Our results characterised the temporal dynamics of the mimetic allele frequency in the field for the first time and give insights into underlying processes involved in the persistence of the female-limited Batesian mimicry polymorphism.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E大鳳蝶是貝氏擬態的教科書經典案例，在亞洲對這個自家後院就看到的物種自不用說，而西方透過自華萊士時代的紀錄與研究，幾乎全世界都對這個例子的多態性、雌雄二態性與擬態間的關係與來源十分感興趣。這篇文章是京都大學的曾田貞滋教授 (Teiji Sota)及他的學生，與師大生科的林仲平教授合作，以台灣的大鳳蝶為材料，進行長達四年 (2013-2016) 的野外觀察與基因體研究的一部份成果。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E這個研究的關鍵在於：首先，貝氏擬態的前提是以負向頻率(negative frequency-dependent selection)為選汰機制，意思也就是在已知的環境中，擬態者的數量不能過多，否則天敵遇到大部份的個體都能吃的話，這個擬態斑紋就可能失效。然而像斑紋高度多態性又牽涉雌雄二態的大鳳蝶，控制擬態的超基因 (supergene) 的族群基因頻率在環境中，如何在擬態與非擬態型中取得平衡就是個很有趣的問題了。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw900\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-017-13419-8\/MediaObjects\/41598_2017_13419_Fig1_HTML.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"800\" data-original-width=\"627\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw900\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-017-13419-8\/MediaObjects\/41598_2017_13419_Fig1_HTML.jpg\" width=\"500\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E這個團隊執行了幾個部份的調查與實驗。(1) 他們在台灣花蓮以穿越線調查蝴蝶的狀況，並且分析其年齡、身體尺寸、天敵攻擊的咬痕，與交配的次數；(2) 分析大鳳蝶與其擬態模型\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E紅紋鳳蝶\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E(\u003Ci\u003EPachliopta aristolochiae\u003C\/i\u003E)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E、大紅紋鳳蝶\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E(\u003Ci\u003EAtrophaneura polyeuctes\u003C\/i\u003E)\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E與台灣麝香鳳蝶\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E(\u003Ci\u003EAtrophaneura febanus\u003C\/i\u003E)\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E在這四年中的族群數量\u0026nbsp;(2) 設計行為的實驗測試大鳳蝶雄性對不同表型的雌性是否具有交配偏好；(3) 野外採集的個體帶回至實驗室進行分生的分析，將其基因型統計是否符合哈溫定律。主要的結果支持兩性的基因頻度的調查皆符合哈溫定律，而\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E雄性無論對擬態或非擬態型的雌性都沒有特殊的擇偶偏好。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E在四年的觀察與採集中，\u003Ci\u003Edoublesex\u003C\/i\u003E的基因頻度維持在中等程度，並未因擬態模型的數量變動偵測到顯著變化，也未發現明顯的負向頻度選汰。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E也就是說，擬態模型在環境中的頻度與雄性無明顯擇偶偏好，都對\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003Edoublesex\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E的基因頻度沒有顯著的影響,\u0026nbsp;而這可能是大鳳蝶能夠維持斑紋多態性的原因。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E===\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E以下是對這個研究的一些觀點：\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Col style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E這個研究的個體僅從花蓮取得，不知是否足以推及解釋台灣其他區域的族群。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;一般來說，大鳳蝶的擬態對象認為是紅紋鳳蝶 (\u003Ci\u003EPachliopta aristolochiae\u003C\/i\u003E)，而這個研究則認為不曾被紀錄是擬態對象的大紅紋鳳蝶 (\u003Ci\u003EAtrophaneura polyeuctes\u003C\/i\u003E) 與台灣麝香鳳蝶 (\u003Ci\u003EAtrophaneura febanus\u003C\/i\u003E) 也同時是其擬態模型。然而，紅紋鳳蝶與另兩種蝴蝶的棲地類型有所差異，根據這個研究的資料，在花蓮的研究地點紀錄的紅紋鳳蝶個體僅有1隻，遠低於大紅紋的21隻，有可能其觀測與採集地點並非天擇作用於擬態斑紋的主要活躍區域，因此擬態者的擬態模型與補食者的動物相的差異，可能影響基因頻率的觀察結果，而非單純的「維持在中等程度進而維持族群中翅紋的多態性」。若是未來能加入更廣泛區域的資料，能讓相關研究更加完整。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E雖然大鳳蝶的擬態關係常被用來解釋擬態現象，但畢竟是以人類的視覺角度來觀察，而且大鳳蝶翅紋多態性的變化程度遠比想象中的高，如果一點點差異就會造成擬態效果的變化，那麼所謂「擬態型」的個體與其基因頻度或許要再評估。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ol\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/83285638093005660\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2017\/10\/doublesex.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/83285638093005660"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/83285638093005660"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2017\/10\/doublesex.html","title":"調控大鳳蝶多態性與貝氏擬態性狀的超基因 \"doublesex\" 基因頻度的時序動態 "}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-9190946532916300608"},"published":{"$t":"2016-05-03T11:36:00.001+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2016-05-03T11:36:06.545+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"文章 (Article)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"生態 (Ecology)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"警戒性 (Aposematism)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"貝氏擬態 (Batesian mimicry)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"隱蔽性 (crypsis)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"隱蔽色的保護傘：警戒性下的片利共生關係"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/pallensmith.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/16_00439Sunflowers.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/pallensmith.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/16_00439Sunflowers.jpg\" height=\"358\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E用來進行實驗的葵瓜子\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nphoto: \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/pallensmith.com\/tag\/birds\/\"\u003EP. Allen Smith\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E標題：\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2012.01855.x\"\u003EProtection by association: Evidence for aposematic commensalism\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E摘要\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EAposematism is a well known and widely used strategy for reducing predation by conspicuous signalling of unprofitability. However, the increased conspicuousness could make this strategy costly if there are no secondary defences to back the signal up. This has made the elucidation of the evolutionary mechanisms for aposematism and that of the closely-related Batesian and Mullerian mimicry difficult. The present study aims to test whether cryptic and nondefended prey could reduce their predation risk by grouping with aposematic and defended prey. To do this, we used groups of artificial baits that were either cryptic and palatable or conspicuous and unpalatable, along with the corresponding control treatments. These were then presented in mixed and homogeneous treatment groups within a field setting and the local wild bird assemblage was allowed to select and remove baits at will. The results obtained show that undefended non-aposematic prey can benefit by grouping with aposematic prey, with no evidence that predation rates for aposematic prey were adversely affected by this association. These results provide insights into the evolution of Batesian mimicry.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E警戒性是一種用來降低被捕食風險的策略，基本上是由警戒色加上次級防禦（化學、物理、行為）才能發揮作用，以演化的角度來看的話，性狀的演化會有些弔詭的地方：警戒色先出現而沒有次級防禦，耗費龐大的演化能量且可能反而吸引目光；先演化出次級防禦而沒有警戒色，無論如何被攻擊率都可能上升，被攻擊沒被吃掉但個體死亡，也會失去把性狀遺傳的可能性；天擇同時作用於兩者身上呢？概率實在太低了。因此在天擇的權衡下，警戒色演化的初期是個很難解釋的迷團。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E作者群基於這個疑問，提出一個假設：隱蔽性的個體是否能藉著警戒性個體的保護傘降低被捕食者風險？作者群設計一連串的試驗，以葵瓜子染成紅色跟綠色，以奎寧做為次級防禦的化學物質，將紅色\/綠色分別滴上奎寧製造出四種不同的組合，並將其實驗設計為紅色與綠色單色組與混色組，配上不同的數量，以瞭解各種因子的交叉作用。以上實驗都在英國格拉斯哥 (Glasgow) 市郊進行，各地至少觀察到八種不同的鳥類。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E結論上來說，如果單純的以防禦機制來看的話，只要有滴上奎寧的組別，無論顏色的被捕食比例都比較低。把綠色（無防禦）比較混色組與單色組的話，會發現混色組的被捕食比例顯著較低，但反過來，綠色（有防禦）的組別不會降低紅色（無防禦）的被捕食比例。無論哪個統計都沒有個體數量上的顯著差異。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEi-5RSFjogvrJE_-db8XRQF1XiStm_48bfvSw5zwnAEhe18OrDuHlOwGgagNWFKjDAQiUL1Cw_bFzrS-3d35ggyYrAlAb8pmj0D6dlQ_RO3eQ9kKzEv2X9hEQi_XwV9h4ThEHY7EB5Xdz8\/s1600\/%25E6%2593%25B7%25E5%258F%2596.PNG\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"278\" src=\"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEi-5RSFjogvrJE_-db8XRQF1XiStm_48bfvSw5zwnAEhe18OrDuHlOwGgagNWFKjDAQiUL1Cw_bFzrS-3d35ggyYrAlAb8pmj0D6dlQ_RO3eQ9kKzEv2X9hEQi_XwV9h4ThEHY7EB5Xdz8\/s640\/%25E6%2593%25B7%25E5%258F%2596.PNG\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003ETable 3. 綠色（有防禦）與紅色（無防禦）的Mann-Whitney \u003Ci\u003EU\u003C\/i\u003E-test統計結果\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E這個結果顯示隱蔽性的個體可能藉由與警戒性個體的混棲以降低被捕食的風險，可能是一個片利共生（commensalism，單方得利，另一方無損失）的一種現象。而這解釋部分警戒性與擬態在演化初期的問題：藉著與型態相似的警戒性物種混棲，來得到演化喘息的空間。但又有些問題產生了：第一個警戒性的個體怎麼來的呢？某些隱蔽色（褐色、綠色）完全沒可能在自然環境被當成不能吃的顏色嗎？\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E真是個雞生蛋，蛋生雞的問題。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E此外，本篇的結果以數個難以看懂的表格呈現，請有志同仁務必避免。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/9190946532916300608\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/05\/blog-post_3.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/9190946532916300608"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/9190946532916300608"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/05\/blog-post_3.html","title":"隱蔽色的保護傘：警戒性下的片利共生關係"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"https:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEi-5RSFjogvrJE_-db8XRQF1XiStm_48bfvSw5zwnAEhe18OrDuHlOwGgagNWFKjDAQiUL1Cw_bFzrS-3d35ggyYrAlAb8pmj0D6dlQ_RO3eQ9kKzEv2X9hEQi_XwV9h4ThEHY7EB5Xdz8\/s72-c\/%25E6%2593%25B7%25E5%258F%2596.PNG","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-2669938876402180125"},"published":{"$t":"2016-05-03T10:14:00.000+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2016-05-03T10:14:50.345+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"不完美擬態 (imperfect mimicry)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"文章 (Article)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-昆蟲 (Insects)-雙翅目 (Diptera)-食蚜蠅 (hoverfly)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"系統發生學 (phylogenetics)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"貝氏擬態 (Batesian mimicry)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"不完美擬態真那麼不完美嗎？藉由比較性分析探討不完美擬態的演化機制"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/onh.eugraph.com\/insects\/flies\/syrphids\/syrphidmontage.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/onh.eugraph.com\/insects\/flies\/syrphids\/syrphidmontage.jpg\" height=\"480\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003Ephoto: \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/onh.eugraph.com\/insects\/flies\/syrphids\/\"\u003EOlympic Naturual History Photos\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E標題：\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/doifinder\/10.1038\/nature10961\"\u003EA comparative analysis of the evolution of imperfect mimicry\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E摘要\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EAlthough exceptional examples of adaptation are frequently celebrated, some outcomes of natural selection seem far from perfect. For example, many hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are harmless (Batesian) mimics of stinging Hymenoptera. However, although some hoverfly species are considered excellent mimics, other species bear only a superficial resemblance to their models and it is unclear why this is so. To evaluate hypotheses that have been put forward to explain interspecific variation in the mimetic fidelity of Palearctic Syrphidae we use a comparative approach. We show that the most plausible explanation is that predators impose less selection for mimetic fidelity on smaller hoverfly species because they are less profitable prey items. In particular, our findings, in combination with previous results, allow us to reject several key hypotheses for imperfect mimicry: first, human ratings of mimetic fidelity are positively correlated with both morphometric measures and avian rankings, indicating that variation in mimetic fidelity is not simply an illusion based on human perception; second, no species of syrphid maps out in multidimensional space as being intermediate in appearance between several different hymenopteran model species, as the multimodel hypothesis requires; and third, we find no evidence for a negative relationship between mimetic fidelity and abundance, which calls into question the kin-selection hypothesis. By contrast, a strong positive relationship between mimetic fidelity and body size supports the relaxed-selection hypothesis, suggesting that reduced predation pressure on less profitable prey species limits the selection for mimetic perfection.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E不完美擬態 (imperfect mimicry) 指的是一個擬態物種（以人類觀點）猛一看很像A物種，但仔細端詳後又發現其實不太像，有時又會覺得很像B物種，但又覺得有差異，對人類來說就覺得「擬態的不完美」。這個看似對立於「完美擬態」的現象看似成立，其實存在著很多爭議，像是為什麼要有點不像？不像的部分對擬態也有貢獻？其實擬態兩個以上的物種？關於這些問題的研究產生很多對立的結果，到目前為止並未有一致的結論。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v483\/n7390\/images\/nature10961-f1.2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v483\/n7390\/images\/nature10961-f1.2.jpg\" height=\"433\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v483\/n7390\/images\/nature10961-f1.2.jpg\"\u003EFig. 1\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;食蚜蠅的斑紋分析，圓圈代表model，三角形代表mimics，白色代表蜜蜂型，灰色代表胡蜂型。\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n結果顯示兩型間的相似方向並不重疊。\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v483\/n7390\/images\/nature10961-f4.2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v483\/n7390\/images\/nature10961-f4.2.jpg\" height=\"640\" width=\"488\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v483\/n7390\/images\/nature10961-f4.2.jpg\"\u003EFig. 4\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;斑紋相似度與身體尺寸有強烈的正相關（詳細統計結果見原文）\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E這篇文章藉由比較性的方法來討論不完美擬態的演化來源。太細節的部分就姑且不談，作者群透過比較食蚜蠅 (hoverfly) 的型態（尺寸、斑紋與不同的接受者）與系統發生學的方式，發現以下幾個有趣的證據：\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E1. 透過型態的測量與鳥類的觀點來看，以人類的角度來判斷物種是否不完美擬態太過簡化這個現象；\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E2. 經過分析後發現，本來認為可能是擬態兩個擬態模型的食蚜蠅，其實沒有任何一個物種的斑紋實際上同時涉入兩種以上的擬態環，顯示「擬態多物種假說」值得存疑；\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E3. 沒有任何證據顯示擬態的精確度與物種豐度有負相關（物種數量越少，擬態的越精確），這可能與親屬選汰 (kin selection) 有關；\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E4. 擬態的精確度與身體尺寸有強烈的正相關，支持緩和選汰假說 (relaxed-selection hypothesis)，顯示獲益較少的物種受到較少的捕食壓力，影響擬態精確度的選汰。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E這個研究以食蚜蠅為例子是因為那實在是不完美擬態的典範，然而這篇文章並非完全解答這個現象，至少就食蚜蠅的總物種數來說，文中討論的物種數比例上不算多，有可能陷入見樹不見林的風險。不完美擬態也廣泛的發生在各種其他類群的昆蟲上，這個研究的論點是基於「不完美擬態是到目前為止的終點」，但更多觀察到的現象讓我們覺得「不完美擬態可能只是完美擬態的過程」，代表不同的類群不同的演化故事，帶來的結論可能大相逕庭。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/2669938876402180125\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/05\/blog-post.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/2669938876402180125"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/2669938876402180125"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/05\/blog-post.html","title":"不完美擬態真那麼不完美嗎？藉由比較性分析探討不完美擬態的演化機制"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1141605090430468573.post-3559176468882849239"},"published":{"$t":"2016-04-12T09:00:00.000+08:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2016-04-19T16:25:43.935+08:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"地理資訊系統 (GIS)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"多態型 (polymorphism)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"文章 (Article)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"無脊椎動物 (Invertebrate)-昆蟲 (Insects)-鱗翅目 (Lepidoptera)-蝴蝶 (Butterflies)-鳳蝶 (swallowtail butterfly)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"貝氏擬態 (Batesian mimicry)"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"雌性擬態 (female-limited mimicry)"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"透過博物館大量館藏資訊瞭解非洲白鳳蝶(Papilio dardanus)的型態與分佈"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left;\" trbidi=\"on\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/af\/Mocker_Swallowtail%2C_top_side.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"488\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/af\/Mocker_Swallowtail%2C_top_side.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003Ephoto from \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Papilio_dardanus\"\u003E\u003Ci\u003EPapilio dardanus\u003C\/i\u003E (wiki)\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E標題：\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0096815\"\u003ECharacterising the phenotypic diversity of \u003Ci\u003EPapilio dardanus\u003C\/i\u003E wing patterns using an extensive museum collection.\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E摘要\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003EThe history of 20th Century evolutionary biology can be followed through the study of mimetic butterflies. From the initial findings of discontinuous polymorphism through the debates regarding the evolution of mimicry and the step-size of evolutionary change, to the studies on supergene evolution and molecular characterisation of butterfly genomes, mimetic butterflies have been at the heart of evolutionary thought for over 100 years. During this time, few species have received as much attention and in-depth study as \u003Ci\u003EPapilio dardanus\u003C\/i\u003E. To assist all aspects of mimicry research, we present a complete data-derived overview of the extent of polymorphism within this species. Using historical samples permanently held by the NHM London, we document the extent of phenotypic variation and characterise the diversity present in each of the subspecies and how it varies across Africa. We also demonstrate an association between ‘‘imperfect’’ mimetic forms and the transitional race formed in the area where Eastern and Western African populations meet around Lake Victoria. We present a novel portal for access to this collection, www.mimeticbutterflies.org, allowing remote access to this unique repository. It is hoped that this online resource can act as a nucleus for the sharing and dissemination of other collections databases and imagery connected with mimetic butterflies.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/heliconius.zoo.cam.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/08\/NEWMORPHS-1024x526.jpg?57e2d9\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/heliconius.zoo.cam.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/08\/NEWMORPHS-1024x526.jpg?57e2d9\" height=\"328\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E非洲白鳳蝶的多態型，左上方框內是雄性，線的上方是各種斑蝶與細蝶，線的下方是各型雌性白鳳蝶\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nphoto from \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.mimeticbutterflies.org\/\"\u003Emimeticbutterflies.org\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E非洲的白鳳蝶(\u003Ci\u003EPapilio dardanus\u003C\/i\u003E)是知名的貝氏擬態的鳳蝶，其豐富的多態型各自擬態非洲各地的細蝶、斑蝶等不好吃的種類。白鳳蝶的擬態實際上只有雌性參與其中，而雄性只有一種型態，在多態型的雌性中，除了擬態各種不同的蝴蝶外，神奇的也存在雄性型的雌性。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E1960年代，透過孟德爾式的遺傳學雜交試驗瞭解不同族群間的斑紋變化，而且結果顯示白鳳蝶的斑紋變化是來自一個超基因；到了2008年，基於現代的分生技術，終於找到超基因的位置。即使如此，雌性的型態實在太多了，除了上面這些看起來精準擬態的斑紋外，也有更多看起來是中間型的種類，因此雖然已經研究到基因體層級的情況下，基礎的斑紋與地理分佈還沒有整體性的調查過。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article\/figure\/image?size=large\u0026amp;id=info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0096815.g001\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article\/figure\/image?size=large\u0026amp;id=info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0096815.g001\" height=\"538\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E雌性各種不同的型與名稱\u003Cbr \/\u003Ephoto from \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0096815\"\u003EFig. 1\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E這篇透過英國倫敦自然史博物館(the Natural History Museum, London)的極大量鱗翅目館藏，蒐集標籤上的採集資訊，將採集的地點轉換成現代的地點並查出座標，\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E把各個不同的斑紋分類後，再轉換為\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E二維座標系統輸入地理資訊系統 (GIS)，\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E把各個不同的斑紋分類後，就能\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E每個型態的分佈呈現在現代的地圖上，並且透過採集點的連線，推估分佈範圍。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article\/figure\/image?size=large\u0026amp;id=info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0096815.g003\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article\/figure\/image?size=large\u0026amp;id=info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0096815.g003\" height=\"290\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E取樣密度與地點\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nphoto from \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0096815\"\u003EFig. 3\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article\/figure\/image?size=large\u0026amp;id=info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0096815.g006\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article\/figure\/image?size=large\u0026amp;id=info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0096815.g006\" height=\"290\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\"\u003E各型的分佈範圍\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nphoto from \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0096815\"\u003EFig. 6\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E結果就如上圖，把大部分的斑紋的分佈範圍推估出來，而那些看起來不完美擬態的斑紋分佈於維多利亞湖附近，支持這是西部與東部族群相遇的雜交區。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article\/figure\/image?size=large\u0026amp;id=info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0096815.g007\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article\/figure\/image?size=large\u0026amp;id=info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0096815.g007\" height=\"418\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E中間型的分佈區域\u003Cbr \/\u003E\nphoto from \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0096815\"\u003EFig. 7\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\n\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\n\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003E這分析的概念很簡單，但卻是瞭解一個擬態群的多樣性最快的方式，而且最重要的，這仰賴保存完整與大量的標本館藏。這樣的研究說明透過良好的想法與完整的分析，即使基礎的研究也能從中得到大量的資訊，也更凸顯標本蒐藏的重要性。\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\n\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/feeds\/3559176468882849239\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/04\/papilio-dardanus.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/3559176468882849239"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/1141605090430468573\/posts\/default\/3559176468882849239"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/biologyofmimicry.blogspot.com\/2016\/04\/papilio-dardanus.html","title":"透過博物館大量館藏資訊瞭解非洲白鳳蝶(Papilio dardanus)的型態與分佈"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"Chia-Hsuan Wei"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/05264223055637416856"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"https:\/\/img1.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}}]}});