鱗翅目的偽裝策略與其生活史特徵的演化關聯性

photo: Hannah Rowland

標題:Masquerade is associated with polyphagy and larval overwintering in Lepidoptera

摘要

Masquerading animals benefit from the difficulty that predators have in differentiating them from the inedible objects, such as twigs, that they resemble. The function of masquerade has been demonstrated, but how it interacts with the life history of organisms has not yet been studied. Here, we report the use of comparative analyses to test hypotheses linking masquerade to life-history parameters.We constructed a phylogenetic tree of the British species of the lepidoptera families Geometridae and Drepanidae, and compiled life history and coloration data from the literature. We found that masquerade is associated with the exploitation of a greater diversity of host plants whether measured by the number of families or genera. We found a positive relationship between body size and polyphagy among masquerading species, and no relationship among cryptic species. Among those species predomi- nantly found on woody host plants, masquerading species are more likely to overwinter as larvae while cryptic species mostly overwinter as pupae. Polyphenism was associated with multivoltinism in masquerading species but not cryptic species. Taken together, our results show that masquerade must be viewed as a strategy distinct to crypsis and hence may provide insights into the evolution of both defensive strategies. Our study further demonstrates the utility of broad-scale between-species comparisons in studying associations between diverse life-history parameters and sensory aspects of predator-prey interactions.

Fig. 1 使用不同策略的尺蛾幼蟲。上左警戒色,上中、上右不同顏色的隱蔽,下排全為偽裝。

「偽裝」(mesquerading) 這個現象就是生物的外觀類似枝條、葉子,對目標捕食者發送我不是食物的訊息,降低被找到的風險。而凡事都有代價,如果要適應這樣的外觀,生活的方式勢必要出現某些演化上的權衡 (trade-off),生活史或策略產生某些對應的變化,讓這個策略的優勢得以最大化。

這篇文章的作者群想瞭解物種的生活史與偽裝這個策略在演化上的關聯性,建立英國的尺蛾科與鉤蛾科的親緣關係,並將其生活史特徵(食性、棲息位置、年世代數等,見內文table 1)映象至親緣關係上,推測特徵的演化。

Fig. 2 尺蛾與鉤蛾的親緣關係。白線為隱蔽性,藍線為偽裝,黑線為警戒性,虛線為混合策略。
從樹的結構與特徵的推測來看,採用偽裝策略的物種,無論從屬級或科級的角度來看,連結了利用較高的寄主植物多樣性。生活史的分析發現以偽裝策略為主的物種中,身體的尺寸與廣食性是正相關的關係,但在採取隱蔽性的物種則沒有這個關係。而偽裝策略為主的物種大多棲息在木本的植物上,以幼蟲的形式過冬,而隱蔽性的物種則以蛹的形式過冬。多表型性在偽裝的物種中與一年多世代有關聯,但在隱蔽物種中則沒有這個關聯性。總合這全部的結果來看,偽裝策略與隱蔽性策略物種所擁有的生活史與其演化歷史甚有差異,因此應該把這兩種策略視為不同的防禦體系。

Fig. 4 寄主植物的數量與棲息位置的差異。白柱為隱蔽性,斜線為偽裝。

Fig. 3 身體尺寸與寄主屬級數量的關係。圓圈為隱蔽性,方塊為偽裝。
可能看到這有人會覺得很奇怪,為什麼一開始只是討論生態特徵的演化,到最後結論變成偽裝與隱蔽性要視為兩種不同的機制?

這其實有個很長的故事,但先在這說個精簡版。一言蔽之,如果看到像枝條的蟲,一般人想到的是「這像枝條,顏色也像枝條,平常我分不太出來,捕食者也分不出來,所以這是隱蔽也是偽裝」。關於這兩者的定義在30年前已經有人吵過一架(正在整理中,出文時間不確定),但兩者間的確有相似處讓人弄不清楚究竟是「偽裝成落葉」或是「隱蔽於落葉中」之類的問題,這也反應在眾多科普文章常常也沒說明定義,讓受眾也搞不太清楚到底哪個是哪個。既然以前有人起過爭議,就代表兩個概念各有人支持合併或分開,所以這個研究到最後才會去討論這兩者間的特徵起源與生活史演化的差異對應,總結出應該把兩個概念視為不同體系防禦的論述。

Share:

0 comments