默默離開或激烈逃亡:兩種燈蛾亞科成員的聲學警戒性與逃脫行為的抉擇
Fig. 1 文中的燈蛾與苔蛾的發音結構型態與其發音頻率 |
摘要
Tiger moths (Erebidae: Arctiinae) have experienced intense selective pressure from echolo- cating, insectivorous bats for over 65 million years. One outcome has been the evolution of acoustic signals that advertise the presence of toxins sequestered from the moths’ larval host plants, i.e. acoustic aposematism. Little is known about the effectiveness of tiger moth anti-bat sounds in their natural environments. Weused multiple infrared cameras to recon- struct bat-moth interactions in three-dimensional (3-D) space to examine how functional sound-producing organs called tymbals affect predation of two chemically defended tiger moth species: Pygarctia roseicapitis (Arctiini) and Cisthene martini (Lithosiini). P. roseicapi- tis and C. martini with intact tymbals were 1.8 and 1.6 times less likely to be captured by bats relative to those rendered silent. 3-D flight path and acoustic analyses indicated that bats actively avoided capturing sound-producing moths. Clicking behavior differed between the two tiger moth species, with P. roseicapitis responding in an earlier phase of bat attack. Evasive flight behavior in response to bat attacks was markedly different between the two tiger moth species. P. roseicapitis frequently paired evasive dives with aposematic sound production. C. martini were considerably more nonchalant and employed evasion in fewer interactions. Our results show that acoustic aposematism is effective at deterring bat preda- tion in a natural context and that this strategy is likely to be the ancestral function of tymbal organs within the Arctiinae.
很多夜行性的鱗翅目跟日行性的一樣,有紅黑黃相間看起來顯眼的警戒色,還有抓到後會釋放出難聞氣味或液體的化學防禦,但奇怪的概念衝突在於很多捕食鱗翅目的捕食者不是用視覺偵測(蝙蝠、蜘蛛),用視覺偵測的捕食者不吃鱗翅目(貓頭鷹),所以這些警戒性到底在夜間如何作用,到目前還沒有個很適合的理論,但是如果除了視覺之外,還有其他的方式能夠連結化學防禦,達到如視覺般有警戒性效果的方法嗎?
夜間如果不是用看的,那就只能用聽的,小型昆蟲的主要捕食者之一就是蝙蝠,透過超音波來搜尋獵物,而某些夜蛾能夠發出與蝙蝠相似的頻率的聲音來迷惑捕食者,或是偵測到來自捕食者的超音波立刻停止飛行掉落到地面,但是這些夜蛾沒有明顯的化學防禦,這些行為不被認為與警戒性有關聯,可是某些鱗翅目物種具有化學防禦的物種就是也會伴隨某些發聲行為,是否與警戒性有關係呢?
Fig. 8 蝙蝠遇到發出警戒音個體時的行為假設 |
Fig. 2 蝙蝠遇到三種不同處理個體的接觸頻率與行為。藍色為不捕捉,橘色為捕捉但吐掉,灰色為吃掉。 |
Fig. 6 兩種蛾與到蝙蝠的飛行軌跡分析 |
這個結果支持除了被動的發送視覺訊號外,在夜色茫茫星月無光看不見的情況下,主動發出聲音警告捕食者可能是更有效率的作法,而躲避蝙蝠發音的行為也被認為是燈蛾亞科的發音器最原本的作用,代表為了蝙蝠可能是推動燈蛾亞科演化出發音結構的最大動力。相對於視覺,聲學的警戒性也提供未來探討夜行性物種的防禦機制時的新方向。
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