鱗翅目的偽裝策略與其生活史特徵的演化關聯性
photo: Hannah Rowland |
標題:Masquerade is associated with polyphagy and larval overwintering in Lepidoptera
摘要
Masquerading animals benefit from the difficulty that predators have in differentiating them from the inedible objects, such as twigs, that they resemble. The function of masquerade has been demonstrated, but how it interacts with the life history of organisms has not yet been studied. Here, we report the use of comparative analyses to test hypotheses linking masquerade to life-history parameters.We constructed a phylogenetic tree of the British species of the lepidoptera families Geometridae and Drepanidae, and compiled life history and coloration data from the literature. We found that masquerade is associated with the exploitation of a greater diversity of host plants whether measured by the number of families or genera. We found a positive relationship between body size and polyphagy among masquerading species, and no relationship among cryptic species. Among those species predomi- nantly found on woody host plants, masquerading species are more likely to overwinter as larvae while cryptic species mostly overwinter as pupae. Polyphenism was associated with multivoltinism in masquerading species but not cryptic species. Taken together, our results show that masquerade must be viewed as a strategy distinct to crypsis and hence may provide insights into the evolution of both defensive strategies. Our study further demonstrates the utility of broad-scale between-species comparisons in studying associations between diverse life-history parameters and sensory aspects of predator-prey interactions.
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Fig. 1 使用不同策略的尺蛾幼蟲。上左警戒色,上中、上右不同顏色的隱蔽,下排全為偽裝。 |
這篇文章的作者群想瞭解物種的生活史與偽裝這個策略在演化上的關聯性,建立英國的尺蛾科與鉤蛾科的親緣關係,並將其生活史特徵(食性、棲息位置、年世代數等,見內文table 1)映象至親緣關係上,推測特徵的演化。
Fig. 2 尺蛾與鉤蛾的親緣關係。白線為隱蔽性,藍線為偽裝,黑線為警戒性,虛線為混合策略。 |
Fig. 4 寄主植物的數量與棲息位置的差異。白柱為隱蔽性,斜線為偽裝。 |
Fig. 3 身體尺寸與寄主屬級數量的關係。圓圈為隱蔽性,方塊為偽裝。 |
這其實有個很長的故事,但先在這說個精簡版。一言蔽之,如果看到像枝條的蟲,一般人想到的是「這像枝條,顏色也像枝條,平常我分不太出來,捕食者也分不出來,所以這是隱蔽也是偽裝」。關於這兩者的定義在30年前已經有人吵過一架(正在整理中,出文時間不確定),但兩者間的確有相似處讓人弄不清楚究竟是「偽裝成落葉」或是「隱蔽於落葉中」之類的問題,這也反應在眾多科普文章常常也沒說明定義,讓受眾也搞不太清楚到底哪個是哪個。既然以前有人起過爭議,就代表兩個概念各有人支持合併或分開,所以這個研究到最後才會去討論這兩者間的特徵起源與生活史演化的差異對應,總結出應該把兩個概念視為不同體系防禦的論述。
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